Nanoengineering Of Structural, Functional And Smart Materials

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ISBN: 9780849316531 | 0849316537
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/29/2005

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In chapters contributed by 24 nanotechnology laboratories, this book combines wide-ranging research relevant to the development of multifunctional materials, focusing on synthesis, manufacturing techniques, and modeling. It defines functional materials and discusses techniques that are designed to improve material properties, durability, multifunctionality, and adaptability. It also examines sensors and actuators fabricated from nanostructured microdevices for structural health and performance monitoring. The authors emphasize the current and potential commercial applications of nanoengineered smart materials, such as nanocoatings to create "artificial skin" and functionalized nanotubes used for enhancing the properties of composite materials and for hydrogen sensing and storage.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nanoengineering

(14)

John F. Maguire and David B. Mast

1.1 Thermodynamic and Statistical Foundations of Small Systems

(2)

1.2 Definitions

(7)

1.2.1 Characterization and Metrology Needs

(4)

1.2.2 Computer Modeling Needs

(2)

1.3 Boundaries for Nanoscience and Technology

(1)

1.4 Some Final Thoughts

(1)

References

(3)

PART 1 Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials

Chapter 2 Design of Nanostructured Materials

(42)

Debasish Banerjee, Jingyu Lao, and Zhifeng Ren

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Motivation, Background, and Strategies

(3)

2.3 Experimental Setup

(1)

2.4 Results and Discussion

(28)

2.4.1 ZnO Nanostructures and Their Properties

(9)

2.4.2 The In2O3 Nanocrystal Chain and Nanowire Circuit

(5)

2.4.3 Zn-In-O Hierarchical Nanostructures

(12)

2.4.4 Zn-Sn-O Hierarchical Nanostructures

(2)

2.4.5 Zn-In-Ge-O Quaternary Hierarchical Nanostructures

(1)

2.5 Large Quantity Nanostructures

(4)

2.6 Concluding Remarks

(1)

Problems

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 3 Carbon Nanotubes and Bismuth Nanowires

(42)

Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Ado Jorio, and Oded Rabin

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Carbon Nanotubes

(16)

3.2.1 Overview

(3)

3.2.2 Nanotube Synthesis

(4)

3.2.3 Nanotube Characterization

(1)

3.2.4 Raman Spectroscopy

(6)

3.2.5 Other Photophysical Techniques

(2)

3.2.6 Future Directions for Nanotube Development

(1)

3.3 Bismuth Nanowires

(18)

3.3.1 Bismuth Nanowire Synthesis

(3)

3.3.2 Structural Characterization

(4)

3.3.3 Electronic Characterization

(8)

3.3.4 Optical Characterization

(1)

3.3.5 Future Directions for Bismuth Nanowires

(1)

3.3.6 Concluding Remarks

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Problems

(1)

References

(6)

Chapter 4 Nanobelts and Nanowires of Functional Oxides

(26)

Xudong Wang and Zhong Lin Wang

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 The Nanobelt: What Is It?

100

(1)

4.3 Techniques for Growing Nanobelts/Nanowires

100

(4)

4.3.1 Thermal Evaporation

101

(2)

4.3.2 Laser Ablation–Assisted CVD

103

(1)

4.4 Growth Mechanisms

104

(2)

4.5 The Nanobelt Family

106

(2)

4.5.1 Binary Oxide Nanobelts

106

(1)

4.5.2 Compound Semiconductor Nanobelts

107

(1)

4.5.3 Multielement Nanobelts

107

(1)

4.6 Ultra-Narrow ZnO Nanobelts

108

(3)

4.7 Mesoporous ZnO Nanowires

111

(2)

4.8 Patterned Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanowires

113

(3)

4.9 Selected Applications of Nanobelts

116

(4)

4.9.1 Nanocantilevers

116

(1)

4.9.2 Field-Effect Transistors

116

(3)

4.9.3 Nanosensors

119

(1)

4.10 Summary

120

(1)

Problems

120

(1)

Acknowledgments

121

(1)

References

121

(4)

Chapter 5 Advances in Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes

125

(34)

Vesselin N. Shanov, Atul Miskin, Sachin Jain, Peng He, and Mark J. Schulz

5.1 The CVD Technique for Growth of CNT

125

(3)

5.2 CVD Growth System

128

(3)

5.3 Catalyst and Substrate Preparation

131

(1)

5.4 Growth of CNT

132

(7)

5.5 Purification of As-Grown CNT

139

(1)

5.6 Characterization of CNT

140

(7)

5.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy

140

(2)

5.6.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy

142

(2)

5.6.3 Raman Spectroscopy

144

(3)

5.7 Advanced Topics and Future Directions for CVD of CNT

147

(6)

5.7.1 Synthesis of Long Carbon Nanotubes

148

(1)

5.7.2 Design and Fabrication of a Segment for CNT Actuator

149

(1)

5.7.3 Oriented Growth of a Simple CNT Network

150

(1)

5.7.4 Functionalization of CNT

151

(2)

5.8 Conclusions

153

(1)

Problems

154

(1)

Acknowledgments

154

(1)

References

154

(5)

Chapter 6 Self-Assembled Au Nanodots in a ZnO Matrix: A Novel Way to Enhance Electrical and Optical Characteristics of ZnO Films

159

(10)

Ashutosh Tiwari and Jagdish Narayan

6.1 Introduction

160

(1)

6.1.1 Nanostructured Materials

160

(1)

6.1.2 Transparent and Conducting ZnO

160

(1)

6.1.3 Au Nanodots in a ZnO Matrix

161

(1)

6.2 Experimental Procedure

161

(2)

6.2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition

161

(1)

6.2.2 Experimental Setup

161

(1)

6.2.3 Target Arrangement

162

(1)

6.2.4 Growth Parameters

162

(1)

6.2.5 Characterization

163

(1)

6.3 Results and Discussion

163

(4)

6.3.1 Structural

163

(1)

6.3.2 Optical

164

(2)

6.3.3 Electrical

166

(1)

6.4 Conclusion

167

(1)

Problems

167

(1)

Acknowledgments

167

(1)

References

167

(2)

Chapter 7 Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes Using a Ball-Milling and Annealing Method

169

(30)

Ying Chen and Jim S. Williams

7.1 Introduction

169

(6)

7.1.1 Boron Nitride Nanotubes

170

(2)

7.1.2 High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM)

172

(3)

7.2 Synthesis of BN Nanotubes from Elemental B

175

(8)

7.2.1 Milling with a Rotating Steel Mill

175

(6)

7.2.2 Milling with a Vibrating Ceramic Mill

181

(2)

7.3 Synthesis of BN Nanotubes from BN Compounds

183

(4)

7.4 Formation Mechanism Discussion

187

(3)

7.4.1 Separate Nucleation and Growth

187

(1)

7.4.2 Nucleation Structures

187

(2)

7.4.3 The Growth Process

189

(1)

7.5 Summary

190

(1)

Problems

191

(1)

Acknowledgments

191

(1)

References

191

(8)

PART 2 Manufacturing Using Nanoscale Materials

Chapter 8 Plasma Deposition of Ultra-Thin Functional Films on Nanoscale Materials

199

(26)

Peng He and Donglu Shi

8.1 Introduction

199

(1)

8.2 The Plasma-Coating Technique

200

(1)

8.3 Applications and Characterization

201

(14)

8.3.1 Plasma Polymer Films Deposited on ZnO Particles

201

(4)

8.3.2 Plasma Coating of Magnetic Nanoparticles

205

(2)

8.3.3 Copolymer Coating of YYbErO2S

207

(1)

8.3.4 Plasma Coating of Carbon Nanofibers

208

(4)

8.3.5 Plasma Coating of an Aligned Carbon Nanotube Array

212

(3)

8.4 Processing and Characterization of Nanocomposite Materials

215

(5)

8.5 Summary

220

(1)

Problems

221

(1)

References

222

(3)

Chapter 9 Structural Nanocomposites

225

(22)

Hassan Mahfuz

9.1 Introduction

225

(2)

9.2 Matrix Modification

227

(13)

9.2.1 Ultrasonic Mixing

227

(1)

9.2.2 Manufacturing of Nanocomposites

228

(1)

9.2.3 Micron- and Nanosized SiC Particle Infusion

229

(2)

9.2.4 Thermal Analysis of Carbon/Epoxy Nanocomposites

231

(3)

9.2.5 Mechanical Tests

234

(4)

9.2.6 Fatigue Tests

238

(2)

9.3 Nanophased Filaments

240

(1)

9.4 Core Modification

241

(1)

9.5 Summary

242

(1)

Problems

243

(1)

References

243

(4)

Chapter 10 Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Ceramic Thin-Film Nanocomposites with Improved Mechanical Properties

247

(16)

Dhanjay Kumar, Jagannathan Sankar, and Jagdish Narayan

10.1 Introduction

247

(1)

10.2 Theory of Pulsed Laser Deposition

248

(6)

10.3 Experimental Procedure

254

(1)

10.4 Results and Discussion

255

(4)

10.4.1 Mechanical Properties

255

(2)

10.4.2 Structural Characterization

257

(2)

10.5 Conclusions

259

(1)

Problems

259

(1)

Acknowledgments

259

(1)

References

260

(3)

Chapter 11 Macroscopic Fibers of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

263

(22)

Virginia A. Davis and Matteo Pasquali

11.1 Introduction

263

(1)

11.2 Fibers Produced Directly from SWNT Synthesis

264

(2)

11.3 Electrophoretic Spinning

266

(1)

11.4 Conventional Fiber Spinning

266

(13)

11.4.1 Melt-Spun Composite Fibers

268

(2)

11.4.2 Solution-Spun SWNT Fibers

270

(1)

11.4.2.1 SWNT/Liquid Crystalline Polymer Composite Fibers

270

(1)

11.4.2.2 Fibers Produced from SWNT/Surfactant Dispersions

271

(1)

11.4.2.3 Fibers Produced from SWNT/Superacid Dispersions

276

(3)

11.5 Conclusion

279

(1)

Problems

279

(1)

Acknowledgments

279

(1)

References

280

(5)

Chapter 12 Carbon Nanofiber and Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite Fibers and Films

285

(30)

Han Gi Chae, Tetsuya Uchida, and Satish Kumar

12.1 Introduction

286

(1)

12.2 Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofibers (VGCNFs) and Polymer Composite Fibers

287

(6)

12.2.1 PBZT--VGCNF Composite Fibers

289

(1)

12.2.2 PP-VGCNF Composite Fibers

289

(1)

12.2.3 PET-VGCNF Composite Fibers

290

(2)

12.2.4 PMMA-VGCNF Composite Fibers

292

(1)

12.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Polymer Composite Fibers

293

(9)

12.3.1 PBO-SWNT Fibers

293

(1)

12.3.2 PAN-SWNT Composite Fibers and Films

294

(1)

12.3.2.1 PAN-SWNT Composite Fibers

294

(1)

12.3.2.2 Oxidative Stabilization of PAN-SWNT Composite Fibers

297

(1)

12.3.2.3 PAN-SWNT Composite Films

299

(1)

12.3.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/SWNT Composite Fibers and Films

300

(1)

12.3.3.1 PVA-SWNT Composite Fibers

300

(1)

12.3.3.2 PVA-SWNT Composite Films

300

(1)

12.3.4 PMMA-SWNT Composite Fibers

301

(1)

12.4 Additional Aspects of CNT-Polymer Composites

302

(5)

12.4.1 Cross-linking of SWNTs by Oxidation and Effect of Nitric Acid Treatment

302

(2)

12.4.2 Crystallization Behavior of Polymer with SWNT

304

(1)

12.4.3 Effect of SWNT Exfoliation and Orientation

305

(2)

12.5 Polymer/SWNT Application (Supercapacitor)

307

(2)

12.6 Concluding Remarks

309

(1)

Acknowledgments

310

(1)

References

310

(5)

Chapter 13 Surface Patterning Using Self-Assembled Monolayers: A Bottom-Up Approach to the Fabrication of Microdevices

315

(12)

Lakshmi Supriya and Richard O. Claus

13.1 Introduction

315

(2)

13.2 Experimental Procedure

317

(1)

13.2.1 Materials

317

(1)

13.2.2 Substrate Preparation

317

(1)

13.2.3 Deposition of SAM

318

(1)

13.2.4 Patterning

318

(1)

13.2.5 Deposition of Multilayers

318

(1)

13.3 Results and Discussion

318

(6)

13.3.1 Patterning on Silicon

318

(2)

13.3.2 Patterning on Polyethylene and Kapton®

320

(4)

13.4 Conclusions and Applications

324

(1)

Problems

324

(1)

Acknowledgments

324

(1)

References

324

(3)

Chapter 14 Enhancement of the Mechanical Strength of Polymer-Based Composites Using Carbon Nanotubes

327

(20)

Kin-Tak Lau, Jagannathan Sankar, and David Hui

14.1 Introduction

327

(1)

14.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

328

(8)

14.2.1 Experimental Measurements

328

(2)

14.2.2 Theoretical Study and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

330

(5)

14.2.3 Finite Element Modeling

335

(1)

14.3 Fabrication Processes of Nanotube/Polymer Composites

336

(2)

14.4 Interfacial Bonding Properties of Nanotube/Polymer Composites

338

(5)

14.4.1 Experimental Investigation

338

(2)

14.4.2 Theoretical Study and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

340

(3)

14.5 Concluding Remarks

343

(1)

Problems

343

(1)

Acknowledgments

344

(1)

References

344

(3)

Chapter 15 Nanoscale Intelligent Materials and Structures

347

(62)

Yun Yeo-Heung, Inpil Kang, Sachin Jain, Atul Miskin, Suhasini Narasimhadevara, Goutham Kirkeria, Vishal Shinde, Sri Laxmi Pammi, Saurabh Datta, Peng He, Douglas Hurd, Mark J. Schulz, Vesselin N. Shanov, Donglu Shi, F. James Boerio, and Mannur J. Sundaresan

15.1 Introduction

348

(5)

15.2 Review of Smart Materials

353

(2)

15.3 Nanotube Geometric Structures

355

(4)

15.3.1 Structures of Carbon Nanotubes

355

(1)

15.3.2 Structures of Noncarbon Nanotubes

356

(1)

15.3.3 Designations of Nanotubes and Nanostructured Materials

357

(2)

15.4 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Nanotubes

359

(8)

15.4.1 Elastic Properties

359

(1)

15.4.2 Electrical Conductivity

360

(1)

15.4.3 Magnetoresistance

361

(1)

15.4.4 Piezoresistance

361

(1)

15.4.5 Electrokinetics of Nanotubes

362

(1)

15.4.6 Piezoelectric Properties

363

(1)

15.4.7 Electrochemical Effects

364

(1)

15.4.8 Nanotube Power Generation

365

(1)

15.4.9 Nanotube Contact Phenomena

365

(2)

15.5 Review of Nanoscale Sensors and Actuators

367

(5)

15.5.1 Simulation of Nanotube Structures

367

(2)

15.5.2 Nanotube Strain Sensors

369

(1)

15.5.3 Actuators Based on Nanoscale Materials

369

(1)

15.5.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Electrochemical Actuators

369

(1)

15.5.3.2 Thermally Activated Actuators

370

(1)

15.5.3.3 Piezoelectric and Nanotweezer Actuators

370

(1)

15.5.3.4 Shape Memory Alloy and Platinum Nanoscale Actuators

371

(1)

15.5.3.5 Biological Molecular Actuators

371

(1)

15.6 Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Intelligent Materials

372

(17)

15.6.1 Synthesis of Nanotubes

372

(1)

15.6.2 Functionalization of Nanotubes

373

(1)

15.6.3 Casting Nanotubes and Nanofibers in Structural Polymer Electrolyte

373

(2)

15.6.4 Carbon Nanotube Composite Strain Sensors

375

(2)

15.6.5 Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors

377

(5)

15.6.6 Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Hybrid Actuators

382

(7)

15.7 Future Directions for Intelligent Materials

389

(7)

15.7.1 Carbon Structural Neural Systems

389

(3)

15.7.2 High-Temperature Nanoscale Materials

392

(1)

15.7.3 Power Harvesting Using Carbon Nanotubes

393

(1)

15.7.4 Intelligent Machines

394

(2)

15.7.5 Telescoping Carbon Nanotubes

396

(1)

15.8 Conclusions

396

(1)

Problems

396

(1)

Acknowledgments

397

(1)

References

397

(12)

Chapter 16 Thermal Properties and Microstructures of Polymer Nanostructured Materials

409

(34)

Joseph H. Koo and Louis A. Pilato

16.1 Introduction

409

(1)

16.2 Selection of Nanoparticles

410

(6)

16.2.1 Montmorillonite Nanoclays

410

(1)

16.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)

411

(4)

16.2.3 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)

415

(1)

16.3 Discussion of Results

416

(23)

16.3.1 TEM Analyses of Nanoparticles

416

(2)

16.3.2 Fire-Retardant Nanocomposite Coatings

418

(2)

16.3.3 Nanostructured Materials for Propulsion Systems

420

(3)

16.3.4 Nanocomposite Rocket Ablative Materials

423

(8)

16.3.5 Nanomodified Carbon/Carbon Composites

431

(8)

16.4 Summary and Conclusions

439

(1)

Problems

439

(1)

Acknowledgments

440

(1)

References

440

(3)

Chapter 17 Manufacturing, Mechanical Characterization, and Modeling of a Pultruded Thermoplastic Nanocomposite

443

(26)

Samit Roy, Kalivarathan Vengadassalam, Earzana Hussain, and Hongbing Lu

17.1 Introduction

444

(3)

17.1.1 Nanoclays

444

(1)

17.1.2 Montmorillonite

445

(1)

17.1.3 Dispersion of Montmorillonite Clay Platelets in Polypropylene

445

(1)

17.1.4 Compression Strength of Nanocomposites

446

(1)

17.2 Experimental Procedure

447

(4)

17.2.1 Materials

447

(1)

17.2.2 Processing of Fiber—Reinforced Nanocomposites

448

(1)

17.2.2.1 Thermoplastic Pultrusion Process

448

(1)

17.2.2.2 Process Parameter Control

449

(1)

17.2.3 Mechanical Test Methodology

450

(1)

17.3 Nanocomposite Morphology

451

(1)

17.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

451

(1)

17.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

452

(1)

17.4 Results and Discussion of Test Data

452

(2)

17.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy

452

(2)

17.5 Mechanical Properties Characterization

454

(10)

17.5.1 Uniaxial Compression Tests

454

(3)

17.5.2 Inelastic Kinking Analysis for Pure Compression Loading

457

(4)

17.5.3 Calculation of Fiber Volume Fraction, Composite Shear Modulus, and φγ*y Ratio

461

(1)

17.5.4 Discussion of Results

462

(2)

17.6 Summary and Conclusions

464

(1)

Problems

465

(1)

Acknowledgments

465

(1)

References

465

(4)

PART 3 Modeling of Nanoscale and Nanostructured Materials

Chapter 18 Nanomechanics

469

(32)

Young W. Kwon

18.1 Introduction

469

(1)

18.2 Static Atomic Model

470

(5)

18.3 Coupling Atomic and FEA Models

475

(4)

18.4 Fatigue Analysis at Atomic Level

479

(6)

18.5 Heterogeneous Carbon Nanotubes

485

(13)

18.6 Summary

498

(1)

Problems

498

(1)

Acknowledgments

498

(1)

References

498

(3)

Chapter 19 Continuum and Atomistic Modeling of Thin Films Subjected to Nanoindentation

501

(28)

J. David Schall, Donald W. Brenner, Ajit D. Kelkar, and Rahul Gupta

19.1 Introduction

501

(10)

19.1.1 Finite Element Model

507

(3)

19.1.2 Need for Atomistic Model

510

(1)

19.2 Modeling of Nanoindentation

511

(5)

19.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation

511

(1)

19.2.2 Embedded Atom Method (EAM)

512

(1)

19.2.3 PARADYN

513

(1)

19.2.4 Nordsieck–Gear Predictor–Corrector Algorithm

514

(1)

19.2.5 Temperature Control

515

(1)

19.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoindentation

516

(8)

19.3.1 Simulation Set-Up

516

(1)

19.3.2 Repulsive Potential Indentation

517

(1)

19.3.3 Rigid Indentation

518

(1)

19.3.4 Tests and Comparisons of Indenter Functions

519

(5)

19.4 Conclusions

524

(1)

Problems

525

(1)

References

525

(4)

Chapter 20 Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization of AlN/TiN Thin Film Iieterostructures

529

(56)

Cindy K. Waters, Sergey Yarmolenko, Jagannathan Sankar, Sudhir Neralla, and Ajit D. Kelkar

20.1 Introduction

530

(8)

20.1.1 Nitrides

531

(1)

20.1.2 Multilayer Coatings

531

(3)

20.1.3 Aluminum Nitride

534

(1)

20.1.3.1 A1N Properties

534

(1)

20.1.3.2 A1N Applications

535

(1)

20.1.4 Titanium Nitride

535

(1)

20.1.4.1 TiN Properties

535

(1)

20.1.4.2 TiN Applications

537

(1)

20.1.5 AlN/TiN Heterostructures

537

(1)

20.1.6 Motivation, Objective, and Organization

538

(1)

20.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition

538

(3)

20.2.1 Laser Energy Influences

539

(1)

20.2.2 Ambient Gas Effects

539

(2)

20.2.3 Substrate Temperature Effects

541

(1)

20.3 Characterization of Thin Films

541

(21)

20.3.1 Thin-Film Thickness

541

(1)

20.3.2 Hardness Testing

542

(1)

20.3.2.1 Testing Basics

542

(1)

20.3.2.2 Microhardness Testing

543

(1)

20.3.2.3 Nanohardness Testing

545

(1)

20.3.2.4 Substrate Effect

551

(1)

20.3.2.5 Indentation Pile-Up

552

(1)

20.3.2.6 Continuous Stiffness Measurement Method

556

(1)

20.3.3 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

557

(2)

20.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

559

(1)

20.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

560

(1)

20.3.6 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

560

(2)

20.4 Performance Evaluation of Thin Films

562

(3)

20.4.1 Approach

562

(1)

20.4.2 AlN Monolayer Film Deposition and Optimization

563

(1)

20.4.3 TiN Monolayer Film Deposition

563

(1)

20.4.4 AlN/TiN Heterostructure Deposition

563

(1)

20.4.4.1 Hardness and Modulus versus Deposition Temperature

564

(1)

20.4.4.2 Hardness versus Depth of Indentation

564

(1)

20.4.4.3 Hardness versus Layer Characteristics

564

(1)

20.4.4.4 Indentation Pile-Up Considerations and FEM

564

(1)

20.4.5 X-Ray Diffraction

564

(1)

20.4.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

565

(1)

20.5 Optimization of Results

565

(16)

20.5.1 Laser Energy Effect Results

565

(1)

20.5.1.1 Ambient Gas Pressure Effects

565

(1)

20.5.1.2 Location of Deposition on Heater

566

(1)

20.5.2 AlN Monolayer Deposition and Properties

566

(1)

20.5.3 TiN Monolayer Deposition and Properties

567

(3)

20.5.4 AlN/TiN Multilayered Film Properties

570

(1)

20.5.4.1 Hardness and Modulus versus Deposition Temperature

571

(1)

20.5.4.2 Hardness versus Layer Characteristics

574

(1)

20.5.4.3 Indentation Pile-Up Considerations and FEM

575

(2)

20.5.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Data

577

(3)

20.5.6 TEM Data

580

(1)

20.6 Conclusions

581

(1)

Problems

582

(1)

References

582

(3)

Chapter 21 Polarization in Nanotubes and Nanotubular Structures

585

(26)

Marco Buongiorno Nardelli, Serge M. Nakhmanson, and Vincent Meunier

21.1 Introduction

585

(3)

21.2 Modern Theory of Polarization

588

(5)

21.2.1 Computing Polarization Using Berry Phase Method

589

(1)

21.2.2 Polarization from Wannier Functions

590

(1)

21.2.3 A Simple Way to Compute Berry Phases on a Computer

591

(2)

21.3 Computational Details

593

(1)

21.4 Polarization in Nanotubes

594

(5)

21.4.1 Berry Phase Method

594

(3)

21.4.2 Maximally Localized Wannier Functions

597

(2)

21.5 Piezoelectricity in Nanotubes

599

(2)

21.6 Polarization Effects in Nanotubular Structures

601

(5)

21.6.1 Nanotube Superlattices and Heterostructures

601

(4)

21.6.2 Multiwalled Hybrids

605

(1)

21.6.3 Experimental Results

606

(1)

21.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

606

(1)

Problems

607

(1)

Acknowledgments

608

(1)

References

608

(3)

Chapter 22 Multiscale Modeling of Stress Localization and Fracture in Nanocrystalline Metallic Materials

611

(16)

Vesselin Yamakov, Dawn R. Phillips, Erik Saether, and Edward H. Glaessgen

22.1 Introduction

611

(1)

22.2 Configuration Model

612

(2)

22.3 Molecular Dynamics Model

614

(2)

22.4 Shear Strength of a Grain Boundary

616

(1)

22.5 FEM Simulation

617

(1)

22.6 Results and Discussion

618

(4)

22.7 Concluding Remarks

622

(1)

Problems

623

(1)

Acknowledgments

624

(1)

References

624

(3)

Chapter 23 Modeling of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites

627

(28)

Gregory M. Odegard

23.1 Introduction

627

(2)

23.2 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Interface

629

(1)

23.3 Micromechanics

630

(4)

23.3.1 Analytical Micromechanical Models

631

(2)

23.3.2 Numerical Micromechanical Models

633

(1)

23.4 Molecular Models

634

(5)

23.4.1 Ab Initio Simulations

635

(1)

23.4.2 Molecular Dynamics

635

(4)

23.5 Example: SWNT/Polyimide Composite

639

(4)

23.5.1 Modeling Procedure

639

(2)

23.5.2 Results and Discussion

641

(2)

23.6 Example: SWNT/Polyethylene Composite

643

(6)

23.6.1 MD Simulations

643

(2)

23.6.2 Stress—Strain Curves from Simulation

645

(2)

23.6.3 Results

647

(2)

23.7 Summary and Conclusions

649

(1)

Problems

649

(1)

References

650

(5)

Chapter 24 Introduction to Nanoscale, Microscale, and Macroscale Heat Transport: Characterization and Bridging of Space and Time Scales

655

(34)

Christianne V.D.R. Anderson and Kumar K. Tamma

24.1 Introduction

656

(1)

24.2 Spatial and Temporal Regimes in Heat Conduction

657

(1)

24.3 Considerations in Time–Heat Conduction

658

(1)

24.4 Considerations in Size–Heat Conduction

658

(2)

24.5 Boltzmann Transport Equation

660

(8)

24.5.1 One-Temperature Models

661

(2)

24.5.2 C- and F-Processes Model — A Unified Theory

663

(3)

24.5.3 Validation of Thermodynamics Second Law for C- and F-Processes Model

666

(1)

24.5.3.1 Fourier Model

667

(1)

24.5.3.2 Cattaneo Model

667

(1)

24.5.3.3 Jeffreys-Type Model

667

(1)

24.6 Two-Temperature Models

668

(2)

24.7 Relaxation Time

670

(1)

24.8 Numerical Illustration — Two-Temperature Model and Pulse Laser Heating

671

(2)

24.9 Numerical Illustration — One-Temperature Model and Heat Conduction Model Number FT

673

(4)

24.9.1 Spanning Spatial Scales

675

(2)

24.10 Multilayers and Superlattices

677

(1)

24.11 Equation of Phonon Radiative Transfer (EPRT)

678

(2)

24.12 Callaway—Holland's Model

680

(2)

24.12.1 Comparison of Holland Model and EPRT Results

681

(1)

24.13 Molecular Dynamics

682

(2)

24.13.1 Pristine Nanotube

684

(1)

24.14 Concluding Remarks

684

(2)

Problems

686

(1)

Acknowledgments

686

(1)

References

686

(3)

Index

689

0415951704

Preface

vii

1 THE GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALIZATION

(16)

2 THEORIZING THE POLITICS OF SPACE

(24)

3 SERVING TRANSNATIONAL CAPITAL

(36)

4 CONSTRUCTING THE GLOCAL TRANSNATIONAL CAPITALIST CLASS

(28)

5 SELLING EXPORTS

105

(28)

6 IMAGINEERING WORLD CITIES

133

(40)

7 CONCLUSION

173

(10)

Appendix

183

(6)

Bibliography

189

(24)

Notes

213

(6)

Index

219

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