Nanomaterials in the Wet Processing of Textiles

Nanotechnology has attracted attention of textile and polymer scientists and has been playing extraordinary role over the past few decades in the functional finishing of different textile materials. Nanoparticles due to their diverse functions have not only imparted flame retardant, UV-blocking, water repellent, self-cleaning, and antimicrobial properties to the textiles, but also have greater affinity for fabrics leading to an increase in durability of the functions. This book emphasizes recent approaches and strategies that are currently at operation to functionalize both natural and synthetic textile materials using diverse nanoparticles and their composites with polymers.  The book concludes by paying attention towards removal of toxic chemicals using state-of-the-art nano-adsorbents.

Main Topics

1. Textile dyeing using metallic nanoparticles
2. Metal oxide nanoparticles for multifunctional finishing
3. New approaches to produce UV protective textiles
4. Polymeric nanocomposites for antimicrobial finishing
5. Self-cleaning of textiles using advanced nanoparticles
6. Silver nanoparticles in dyeing and finishing applications
7. Zinc Oxide – prospects in textile industry
8. Titanium dioxide: Next generation photo-catalysts
9. Textile effluent using chitosan nanocomposites
10. Recent advances in remediation of textile effluents using nano-catalysts

Shahid-ul-Islam is a researcher of international recognition at the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi.  His current research interests include green chemistry, dyes & pigments, thermodynamics and kinetics of colorants, and polymeric nanocomposites. He has numerous academic publications in international journals of high repute to his credit.

B S Butola obtained his B. Tech. (1990) and Ph.D. degrees (2005) in textile technology from IIT Delhi. Currently he is an associate professor at the department of textile technology, IIT Delhi. His research interests include functionalization of textiles with metal oxides, use of shear thickening fluids for improving the impact performance of ballistic textiles, polymeric nanocomposites and smart colorants.

Preface xi

1 Functional Finishing of Textiles via Nanomaterials 1
Azadeh Bashari, Mina Shakeri, Anahita Rouhani Shirvan and Seyyed Abbas Noorian Najafabadi

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Antibacterial Textiles 2

1.2.1 Antibacterial Organic and Non-Organic Nanostructures 4

1.2.1.1 TiO₂ Nanoparticles 4

1.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 5

1.2.1.3 ZnO Nanoparticles 6

1.2.1.4 Chitosan 7

1.3 Anti-Odor Textiles 8

1.3.1 Odor-Control Methods 8

1.3.1.1 Absorption Mechanism 9

1.3.1.2 Prevention Mechanism 13

1.4 Deodorant Textiles 13

1.4.1 Aromatic Textiles with Nanocarriers 13

1.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanocarriers 14

1.4.1.2 Lipid Nanostructures 16

1.4.1.3 Cyclodextrins 18

1.4.1.4 Dendrimers 19

1.4.2 Application of Aroma Textiles 19

1.5 Protective Textile Against Electromagnetic Radiation 20

1.5.1 EM Waves 20

1.5.2 The Effect of EM Radiation on the Body 20

1.5.3 Shielding Materials Against the EM Waves 21

1.5.3.1 Conductive Polymer 22

1.5.3.2 Metal Nanocoating 23

1.5.3.3 Carbon Nanostructures 24

1.6 UV-Protective Textiles 25

1.6.1 The Necessity of Using UV-Protective Textiles 26

1.6.2 UV Protection Effect of Textile 26

1.6.2.1 UV-Protective Textiles with Nanomaterials 27

1.7 Water-Repellent Textiles 30

1.7.1 Are Water-Repellent and Waterproof Finishing the Same? 30

1.7.2 Plasma Treatment 31

1.7.3 Electrospinning 33

1.7.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition 34

1.7.5 Sol–Gel Technique 35

1.7.6 Dendrimer 36

1.7.7 Carbon Nanotube 38

1.8 Self-Cleaning Textiles 38

1.8.1 Self-Cleaning and Superhydrophobic Surfaces 39

1.8.1.1 Natural Superhydrophobic Surfaces 39

1.8.2 Superhydrophobic Finishing of the Textiles 40

1.8.3 Modification of Textiles Using Photoactive Coatings 41

1.9 Flame-Retardant Textiles 43

1.9.1 Flame-Retardant Finishing Agents 44

1.9.1.1 Flame-Retardant Nanostructures 45

1.10 Wrinkle-Resistant Fabrics 50

1.10.1 Nano-Structured Materials as Anti-Wrinkle Agents 51

1.10.1.1 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO₂) 52

1.10.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 54

1.10.1.3 Silica Nanoparticles 54

1.10.1.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 55

1.10.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes 56

1.10.1.6 Chitosan Nanoparticles 56

1.11 Future Trends and Challenges of Nano-Based Textiles 57

References 58

2 Antimicrobial Textiles Based on Metal and Metal Oxide Nano-particles 71
Mangala Joshi and Anasuya Roy

2.1 Introduction 72

2.2 Antimicrobial NP Used in Functionalization of Textiles 75

2.2.1 Ag NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 75

2.2.2 Titania NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 76

2.2.3 Cu NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 77

2.2.4 ZnO NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 79

2.3 Application of NP onto Textile Substrates 80

2.3.1 Application of Ag NP on Textiles 80

2.3.2 Application of TiO₂ NP on Textiles 88

2.3.3 Application of Cu NP and CuO NP on Textiles 89

2.3.4 Application of ZnO NP on Textiles 90

2.3.5 Application of other NP on Textiles 91

2.4 Mechanism of Action of Inorganic NP 91

2.4.1 Cell Membrane Leakage and/or Impairment 92

2.4.2 Oxidative Stress Generation through ROS 92

2.4.3 Protein Activity Interference and Genotoxicity 93

2.5 Nano-Toxicological Impact of NP on the Eco-System 94

2.6 Conclusion 96

Acknowledgment 97

References 97

3 Nano-Zinc Oxide: Prospects in the Textile Industry 113
N. Vigneshwaran, V. Prasad, A. Arputharaj, A.K. Bharimalla and P.G. Patil

3.1 Introduction 114

3.2 Synthesis of Nano-ZnO 114

3.2.1 Chemical Methods 116

3.2.1.1 Sol–Gel Method 116

3.2.1.2 Chemical Precipitation Method 116

3.2.1.3 Hydrothermal Method 117

3.2.1.4 Microwave Method 117

3.2.1.5 Microemulsion Method 118

3.2.1.6 Sonochemical Method 118

3.2.1.7 Gas Phase Synthesis 118

3.2.2 Physical Method 119

3.2.3 Green Synthesis of Nano-ZnO 119

3.3 Application of Nano-ZnO onto Textiles 120

3.3.1 Sonochemical Method 120

3.3.2 Pad-Dry-Cure Method 120

3.3.3 In Situ Synthesis 121

3.3.4 Layer-by-Layer Assembly 122

3.3.5 Plasma Coating of Surfaces 123

3.4 Properties of Nano-ZnO-Finished Textiles 123

3.4.1 Antibacterial Activity 123

3.4.1.1 Generation of ROS 125

3.4.1.2 Release of Zinc Ions (Zn²⁺) 125

3.4.1.3 Abrasive Nature of Nano-ZnO 125

3.4.2 UV Protection 126

3.4.3 Self-Cleaning Property 127

3.4.4 Biosensing 129

3.4.5 Super Hydrophobicity 129

3.5 Conclusion 130

References 130

4 Application of Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Textile Effluents from Aqueous Solutions 135
Mohammad Kashif Uddin and Ziaur Rehman

4.1 Introduction 135

4.2 Types of Dyes 138

4.3 Adsorption of Various Dyes on Nanomaterials 142

4.4 Conclusion 153

References 156

5 Chitosan–Graphene-Grafted Nanocomposite Materials for Wastewater Treatment 163
Mohammad Shahadat, Ankita Jha, Parveen Fatimah Rupani, Asha Embrandiri, Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad and S. Wazed Ali

5.1 Introduction 164

5.2 Chitosan–Graphene-Grafted Nanocomposite 165

5.3 Removal and Recovery of Environmental Pollutants 168

5.3.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 168

5.3.2 Treatment of Organic Pollutant 173

5.4 Conclusion 175

Acknowledgment 178

References 178

6 Decolorization of Textile Wastewater Using Composite Materials 187
Sharf Ilahi Siddiqui, Rangnath Ravi, Geetanjali Rathi, Nusrat Tara, Shahid-ul-Islam and Saif Ali Chaudhry

6.1 Introduction 187

6.2 Classification of Dyes and Their Toxicity 189

6.3 Decolorization of Colored Water 191

6.4 Sorption Technology 193

6.5 Recent Development in Adsorption Technology 193

6.6 Removal of Dyes Using Composites 195

6.7 Adsorption Mechanism 207

6.8 Conclusion 210

Acknowledgements 211

References 211

7 Adsorption of Cr (VI) and Textile Dyes on to Mesoporous Silica, Titanate Nanotubes, and Layered Double Hydroxides 219
Rashmi Acharya, Brundabana Naik and K. M. Parida

7.1 Introduction 220

7.2 Mesoporous Silica (m-SiO₂) 223

7.2.1 Adsorption of Cr (VI) on to Mesoporous Silica 223

7.2.2 Adsorption of Dyes on to Mesoporous Silica 224

7.3 Titanate Nanotubes 234

7.3.1 Adsorption of Cr (VI) on to Titanate Nanotubes 239

7.3.2 Adsorption of Dyes on to Titanate Nanotubes 242

7.4 Layered Double Hydroxides 243

7.4.1 Adsorption of Cr (VI) on to Layered Double Hydroxides 244

7.4.2 Adsorption of Dyes on to Layered Double Hydroxides 247

7.5 Conclusion 252

Acknowledgment 253

References 253

8 Ultrasonic Synthesis of Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles for the Efficient Discoloration of Aqueous Solutions Containing Methylene Blue Dye 261
Mohammadreza Kamali, Isabel Capela and Maria Elisabete Costa

8.1 Introduction 262

8.2 Materials and Methods 265

8.2.1 Materials 265

8.2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of NMs 266

8.2.3 Discoloration of MB 267

8.3 Results and Discussion 267

8.3.1 Materials’ Characterization 267

8.3.2 Discoloration Studies 270

8.3.2.1 MB Discoloration under Acidic Conditions 270

8.3.2.2 MB Discoloration under Quasi-neutral Conditions 272

8.3.2.3 MB Discoloration under Basic Conditions 275

8.4 Conclusions 278

Acknowledgments 278

References 279

Index 285

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