Nanophotonics

, by Rigneault, Hervé; ; Lourtioz, Jean-Michel; Delalande, Claude; Levenson, Ariel

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ISBN: 9781905209286 | 1905209282
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/18/2006

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This comprehensive introduction to controlling and shaping optical fields at a subwavelength scale is written by distinguished scientists in nanophotonics and covers everything from the basics to the most advanced technologies. Topics discussed include photonic crystals and microcavities (including non-linear optical effects), local-probe techniques (used to characterize plasmonic devices), and the emerging fields of semiconductor nanocrystals and nano-biophotonics.

Preface

(4)

Chapter 1. Photonic Crystals: From Microphotonics to Nanophotonics

(68)

Pierre VIKTOROVITCH

1.1. Introduction

(2)

1.2. Reminders and prerequisites

(9)

1.2.1. Maxwell equations

(1)

1.2.1.1. Optical modes

(1)

1.2.1.2. Dispersion characteristics

(1)

1.2.2. A simple case: three-dimensional and homogeneous free space

(1)

1.2.3. Structuration of free space and optical mode engineering

(1)

1.2.4. Examples of space structuration: objects with reduced dimensionality

(5)

1.2.4.1. Two 3D sub-spaces

(2)

1.2.4.2. Two-dimensional isotropic propagation: planar cavity

(1)

1.2.4.3. One-dimensional propagation: photonic wire

(1)

1.2.4.4. Case of index guiding (two- or one-dimensionality)

(1)

1.2.4.5. Zero-dimensionality: optical (micro)-cavity

(1)

1.2.5. Epilogue

(1)

1.3. 1D photonic crystals

(18)

1.3.1. Bloch modes

(1)

1.3.2. Dispersion characteristics of a 1D periodic medium

(3)

1.3.2.1. Genesis and description of dispersion characteristics

(2)

1.3.2.2. Density of modes along the dispersion characteristics

(1)

1.3.3. Dynamics of Bloch modes

(2)

1.3.3.1. Coupled mode theory

(1)

1.3.3.2. Lifetime of a Bloch mode

(1)

1.3.3.3. Merit factor of a Bloch mode

(1)

1.3.4. The distinctive features of photonic crystals

(1)

1.3.5. Localized defect in a photonic band gap or optical microcavity

(4)

1.3.5.1. Donor and acceptor levels

(1)

1.3.5.2. Properties of cavity modes in a 1DPC

(1)

1.3.5.3. Fabry-Perot type optical filter

(1)

1.3.6. 1D photonic crystal in a dielectric waveguide and waveguided Bloch modes

(6)

1.3.6.1. Various diffractive coupling processes between optical modes

(2)

1.3.6.2. Determination of the dispersion characteristics of waveguided Bloch modes

(1)

1.3.6.3. Lifetime and merit factor of waveguided Bloch modes: radiation optical losses

(1)

1.3.6.4. Localized defect or optical microcavity

(2)

1.3.7. Epilogue

(1)

1.4. 3D photonic crystals

(3)

1.4.1. From dream

(1)

1.4.2. ...to reality

(2)

1.5. 2D photonic crystals: the basics

(10)

1.5.1. Conceptual tools: Bloch modes, direct and reciprocal lattices, dispersion curves and surfaces

(4)

1.5.1.1. Bloch modes

(1)

1.5.1.2. Direct and reciprocal lattices

(1)

1.5.1.3. Dispersion curves and surfaces

(2)

1.5.2. 2D photonic crystal in a planar dielectric waveguide

(5)

1.5.2.1. An example of the potential of 2DPC in terms of angular resolution: the super-prism effect

(1)

1.5.2.2. Strategies for vertical confinement in 2DPC waveguided configurations

(2)

1.6. 2D photonic crystals: basic building blocks for planar integrated photonics

(18)

1.6.1. Fabrication: a planar technological approach

(3)

1.6.1.1. 2DPC formed in an InP membrane suspended in air

(1)

1.6.1.2. 2DPC formed in an InP membrane bonded onto silica on silicon by molecular bonding

(2)

1.6.2. Localized defect in the PBG or microcavity

(2)

1.6.3. Waveguiding structures

(6)

1.6.3.1. Propagation losses in a straight waveguide

(1)

1.6.3.2. Bends

(2)

1.6.3.3. The future of PC-based waveguides lies principally in the guiding of light

(1)

1.6.4. Wavelength selective transfer between two waveguides

(3)

1.6.5. Micro-lazers

(4)

1.6.5.1. Threshold power

(1)

1.6.5.2. Example: the case of the surface emitting Bloch mode lazer

(2)

1.6.6. Epilogue

(1)

1.7. Towards 2.5-dimensional Microphotonics

(4)

1.7.1. Basic concepts

(3)

1.7.2. Applications

(1)

1.8. General conclusion

(1)

1.9. References

(3)

Chapter 2. Bidimensional Photonic Crystals for Photonic Integrated Circuits

(24)

Anne TALNEAU

2.1. Introduction

(1)

2.2. The three dimensions in space: planar waveguide perforated by a photonic crystal on InP substrate

(4)

2.2.1. Vertical confinement: a planar waveguide on substrate

(1)

2.2.2. In-plane confinement: intentional defects within the gap

(2)

2.2.2.1. Localized defects

(1)

2.2.2.2. Linear defects

(1)

2.2.3. Losses

(1)

2.3. Technology for drilling holes on InP-based materials

(2)

2.3.1. Mask generation

(1)

2.3.2. Dry-etching of InP-based semiconductor materials

(1)

2.4. Modal behavior and performance of structures

(12)

2.4.1. Passive structures

(10)

2.4.1.1. Straight guides, taper

(3)

2.4.1.2. Bend, combiner

(4)

2.4.1.3. Filters

100

(2)

2.4.2. Active structures: lazers

102

(2)

2.5. Conclusion

104

(1)

2.6. References

105

(4)

Chapter 3. Photonic Crystal Fibers

109

(26)

Dominique PAGNOUX

3.1. Introduction

109

(3)

3.2. Two guiding principles in microstructured fibers

112

(4)

3.3. Manufacture of microstructured fibers

116

(1)

3.4. Modeling TIR-MOFs

117

(3)

3.4.1. The "effective-V model"

117

(1)

3.4.2. Modal methods for calculating the fields

118

(2)

3.5. Main properties and applications of TIR-MOFs

120

(5)

3.5.1. Single mode propagation

120

(1)

3.5.2. Propagation loss

120

(1)

3.5.3. Chromatic dispersion

121

(2)

3.5.4. Birefringence

123

(1)

3.5.5. Non-conventional effective areas

124

(1)

3.6. Photonic bandgap fibers

125

(3)

3.6.1. Propagation in photonic bandgap fibers

125

(2)

3.6.2. Some applications of photonic crystal fibers

127

(1)

3.7. Conclusion

128

(1)

3.8. References

129

(6)

Chapter 4. Quantum Dots in Optical Microcavities

135

(24)

Jean-Michel GÉRARD

4.1. Introduction

135

(2)

4.2. Building blocks for solid-state CQED

137

(5)

4.2.1. Self-assembled QDs as "artificial atoms"

137

(2)

4.2.2. Solid-state optical microcavities

139

(3)

4.3. QDs in microcavities: some basic CQED experiments

142

(12)

4.3.1. Strong coupling regime

142

(3)

4.3.2. Weak coupling regime: enhancement/inhibition of the SE rate and "nearly" single mode SE

145

(5)

4.3.3. Applications of CQED effects to single photon sources and nanolazers

150

(4)

4.4. References

154

(5)

Chapter 5. Nonlinear Optics in Nano- and Microstructures

159

(32)

Yannick DUMEIGE and Fabrice RAINERI

5.1. Introduction

159

(1)

5.2. Introduction to nonlinear optics

160

(17)

5.2 1. Maxwell equations and nonlinear optics

160

(4)

5.2.2. Second order nonlinear processes

164

(9)

5.2.2.1. Three wave mixing

165

(1)

5.2.2.2. Second harmonic generation

166

(3)

5.2.2.3. Parametric amplification

169

(1)

5.2.2.4. How can phase matching be achieved?

170

(3)

5.2.2.5. Applications of second order nonlinearity

173

(1)

5.2.3. Third order processes

173

(4)

5.2.3.1. Four wave mixing

173

(2)

5.2.3.2. Optical Kerr effect

175

(2)

5.2.3.3. Nonlinear spectroscopy: Raman, Brillouin and Rayleigh scatterings

177

(1)

5.3. Nonlinear optics of nano- or microstructured media

177

(10)

5.3.1. Second order nonlinear optics in III–V semiconductors

178

(6)

5.3.1.1. Quasi-phase matching in III–V semiconductors

178

(1)

5.3.1.2. Quasi-phase matching in microcavity

179

(1)

5.3.1.3. Bidimensional quasi-phase matching

180

(1)

5.3.1.4. Form birefringence

180

(1)

5.3.1.5. Phase matching in one-dimensional photonic crystals

181

(2)

5.3.1.6. Phase matching in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide

183

(1)

5.3.2. Third order nonlinear effects

184

(8)

5.3.2.1. Continuum generation in microstructured optical fibers

184

(1)

5.3.2.2. Optical reconfiguration of two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs

184

(2)

5.3.2.3. Spatial solitons in microcavities

186

(1)

5.4. Conclusion

187

(1)

5.5. References

187

(4)

Chapter 6. Third Order Optical Nonlinearities in Photonic Crystals

191

(16)

Robert FREY, Philippe DELAYE and Gerald ROOSEN

6.1. Introduction

191

(1)

6.2. Third order nonlinear optic reminder

192

(6)

6.2.1. Third order optical nonlinearities

192

(2)

6.2.2. Some third order nonlinear optical processes

194

(2)

6.2.3. Influence of the local field

196

(2)

6.3. Local field in photonic crystals

198

(5)

6.4. Nonlinearities in photonic crystals

203

(1)

6.5. Conclusion

204

(1)

6.6. References

204

(3)

Chapter 7. Controling the Optical Near Field: Implications for Nanotechnology

207

(32)

Frederique DE FORNEL

7.1. Introduction

207

(1)

7.2. How is the near field defined?

208

(9)

7.2.1. Dipolar emission

208

(4)

7.2.2. Diffraction by a sub-wavelength aperture

212

(1)

7.2.3. Total internal reflection

213

(4)

7.3. Optical near field microscopies

217

(10)

7.3.1. Introduction

217

(1)

7.3.2. Fundamental principles

217

(2)

7.3.3. Realization of near field probes

219

(1)

7.3.4. Imaging methods in near field optical microscopes

220

(2)

7.3.5. Feedback

222

(1)

7.3.6. What is actually measured in near field?

223

(1)

7.3.7. PSTM configuration

223

(2)

7.3.8. Apertureless microscope

225

(1)

7.3.9. Effect of coherence on the structure of near field images

226

(1)

7.4. Characterization of integrated-optical components

227

(8)

7.4.1. Characterization of guided modes

227

(2)

7.4.2. Photonic crystal waveguides

229

(1)

7.4.3. Excitation of cavity modes

230

(2)

7.4.4. Localized generation of surface plasmons

232

(3)

7.5. Conclusion

235

(1)

7.6. References

236

(3)

Chapter 8. Sub-Wavelength Optics: Towards Plasmonics

239

(26)

Alain DEREUX

8.1. Technological context

239

(1)

8.2. Detecting optical fields at the sub-wavelength scale

240

(9)

8.2.1. Principle of sub-wavelength measurement

240

(2)

8.2.2. Scattering theory of electromagnetic waves

242

(2)

8.2.3. Electromagnetic LDOS

244

(2)

8.2.4. PSTM detection of the electric or magnetic components of optical waves

246

(1)

8.2.5. SNOM detection of the electromagnetic LDOS

247

(2)

8.3. Localized plasmons

249

(5)

8.3.1. Squeezing of the near-field by localized plasmons coupling

250

(1)

8.3.2. Controling the coupling of localized plasmons

251

(3)

8.4. Sub-λ optical devices

254

(9)

8.4.1. Coupling in

254

(1)

8.4.2. Sub–λ waveguides

254

(1)

8.4.3. Towards plasmonics: plasmons on metal stripes

255

(1)

8.4.4. Prototypes of submicron optical devices

256

(7)

8.5. References

263

(2)

Chapter 9. The Confined Universe of Electrons in Semiconductor Nanocrystals

265

(28)

Maria CHAMARRO

9.1. Introduction

265

(1)

9.2. Electronic structure

266

(10)

9.2.1. "Nair' model

266

(5)

9.2.1.1. Absorption and luminescence spectra

269

(2)

9.2.2. Fine electronic structure

271

(10)

9.2.2.1. Size-selective excitation

271

(3)

9.2.2.2. "Dark" electron-hole pair

274

(2)

9.3. Micro-luminescence

276

(3)

9.4. Auger effect

279

(2)

9.5. Applications in nanophotonics

281

(5)

9.5.1. Semiconductor nanocrystals: single photon sources

281

(2)

9.5.2. Semiconductor nanocrystals: new fluorescent labels for biology

283

(2)

9.5.3. Semiconductor nanocrystals: a new active material for tunable lazers

285

(1)

9.6. Conclusions

286

(1)

9.7. References

287

(6)

Chapter 10. Nano-Biophotonics

293

(26)

Hervé RIGNEAULT and Pierre-François LENNE

10.1. Introduction

293

(2)

10.2. The cell: scale and constituents

295

(1)

10.3. Origin and optical contrast mechanisms

296

(11)

10.3.1. Classical contrast mechanisms: bright field, dark field, phase contrast and interferometric contrast

297

(1)

10.3.2. The fluorescence contrast mechanism

298

(5)

10.3.2.1. The lifetime contrast

300

(1)

10.3.2.2. Resolving power in fluorescence microscopy

301

(2)

10.3.3. Non-linear microscopy

303

(4)

10.3.3.1. Second harmonic generation (SHG)

304

(1)

10.3.3.2. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)

305

(2)

10.4. Reduction of the observation volume

307

(7)

10.4.1. Far field methods

308

(3)

10.4.1.1. 4Pi microscopy

308

(1)

10.4.1.2. Microscopy on a mirror

309

(1)

10.4.1.3. Stimulated emission depletion: STED

309

(2)

10.4.2. Near field methods

311

(3)

10.4.2.1. NSOM

312

(1)

10.4.2.2. TIRF

312

(1)

10.4.2.3. Nanoholes

313

(1)

10.5. Conclusion

314

(1)

10.6. References

314

(5)

List of Authors

319

(4)

Index

323

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Nanophotonics

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Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Nanophotonics

Summary

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Table of Contents

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