Nanoscale Energy Transport and Conversion A Parallel Treatment of Electrons, Molecules, Phonons, and Photons

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ISBN: 9780195159424 | 019515942X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/3/2005

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This is a graduate level textbook in nanoscale heat transfer and energy conversion that can also be used as a reference for researchers in the developing field of nanoengineering. It provides a comprehensive overview of microscale heat transfer, focusing on thermal energy storage andtransport. Chen broadens the readership by incorporating results from related disciplines, from the point of view of thermal energy storage and transport, and presents related topics on the transport of electrons, phonons, photons, and molecules. This book is part of the MIT-Pappalardo Series inMechanical Engineering.

Foreword,

vii

1 Introduction,

(40)

1.1 There Is Plenty of Room at the Bottom,

(5)

1.2 Classical Definition of Temperature and Heat,

(1)

1.3 Macroscopic Theory of Heat Transfer,

(9)

1.3.1 Conduction,

(2)

1.3.2 Convection,

(2)

1.3.3 Radiation,

(3)

1.3.4 Energy Balance,

(1)

1.3.5 Local Equilibrium,

(1)

1.3.6 Scaling Trends under Macroscopic Theories,

(1)

1.4 Microscopic Picture of Heat Carriers and Their Transport,

(10)

1.4.1 Heat Carriers,

(4)

1.4.2 Allowable Energy Levels of Heat Carriers,

(1)

1.4.3 Statistical Distribution of Energy Carriers,

(2)

1.4.4 Simple Kinetic Theory,

(2)

1.4.5 Mean Free Path,

(1)

1.5 Micro- and Nanoscale Transport Phenomena,

(4)

1.5.1 Classical Size Effects,

(1)

1.5.2 Quantum Size Effects,

(1)

1.5.3 Fast Transport Phenomena,

(2)

1.6 Philosophy of This Book,

(2)

1.7 Nomenclature for Chapter 1,

(1)

1.8 References,

(2)

1.9 Exercises,

(6)

2 Material Waves and Energy Quantization,

(34)

2.1 Basic Wave Characteristics,

(2)

2.2 Wave Nature of Matter,

(6)

2.2.1 Wave-Particle Duality of Light,

(2)

2.2.2 Material Waves,

(1)

2.2.3 The Schrödinger Equation,

(3)

2.3 Example Solutions of the Schrödinger Equation,

(18)

2.3.1 Free Particles,

(1)

2.3.2 Particle in a One-Dimensional Potential Well,

(5)

2.3.3 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle,

(1)

2.3.4 Harmonic Oscillator,

(4)

2.3.5 The Rigid Rotor,

(1)

2.3.6 Electronic Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom,

(6)

2.4 Summary of Chapter 2,

(2)

2.5 Nomenclature for Chapter 2,

(1)

2.6 References,

(1)

2.7 Exercises,

(4)

3 Energy States in Solids

(46)

3.1 Crystal Structure,

(13)

3.1.1 Description of Lattices in Real Space,

(3)

3.1.2 Real Crystals,

(3)

3.1.3 Crystal Bonding Potential,

(3)

3.1.4 Reciprocal Lattice,

(4)

3.2 Electron Energy States in Crystals,

(9)

3.2.1 One-Dimensional Periodic Potential (Kronig-Penney Model),

(7)

3.2.2 Electron Energy Bands in Real Crystals,

(2)

3.3 Lattice Vibration and Phonons,

100

(5)

3.3.1 One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice Chains,

100

(3)

3.3.2 Energy Quantization and Phonons,

103

(1)

3.3.3 One-Dimensional Diatomic and Polyatomic Lattice Chains,

104

(1)

3.3.4 Phonons in Three-Dimensional Crystals,

105

(1)

3.4 Density of States,

105

(6)

3.4.1 Electron Density of States,

107

(2)

3.4.2 Phonon Density of States,

109

(1)

3.4.3 Photon Density of States,

110

(1)

3.4.4 Differential Density of States and Solid Angle,

111

(1)

3.5 Energy Levels in Artificial Structures,

111

(6)

3.5.1 Quantum Wells, Wires, Dots, and Carbon Nanotubes,

111

(3)

3.5.2 Artificial Periodic Structures,

114

(3)

3.6 Summary of Chapter 3,

117

(1)

3.7 Nomenclature for Chapter 3,

118

(1)

3.8 References,

119

(2)

3.9 Exercises,

121

(2)

4 Statistical Thermodynamics and Thermal Energy Storage

123

(36)

4.1 Ensembles and Statistical Distribution Functions,

124

(13)

4.1.1 Microcanonical Ensemble and Entropy,

124

(3)

4.1.2 Canonical and Grand Canonical Ensembles,

127

(3)

4.1.3 Molecular Partition Functions,

130

(4)

4.1.4 Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein, and Boltzmann Distributions,

134

(3)

4.2 Internal Energy and Specific Heat,

137

(11)

4.2.1 Gases,

138

(3)

4.2.2 Electrons in Crystals,

141

(3)

4.2.3 Phonons,

144

(2)

4.2.4 Photons,

146

(2)

4.3 Size Effects on Internal Energy and Specific Heat,

148

(2)

4.4 Summary of Chapter 4,

150

(3)

4.5 Nomenclature for Chapter 4,

153

(1)

4.6 References,

154

(1)

4.7 Exercises,

155

(4)

5 Energy Transfer by Waves,

159

(68)

5.1 Plane Waves,

160

(9)

5.1.1 Plane Electron Waves,

161

(1)

5.1.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves,

161

(6)

5.1.3 Plane Acoustic Waves,

167

(2)

5.2 Interface Reflection and Refraction of a Plane Wave,

169

(16)

5.2.1 Electron Waves,

169

(2)

5.2.2 Electromagnetic Waves,

171

(7)

5.2.3 Acoustic Waves,

178

(2)

5.2.4 Thermal Boundary Resistance,

180

(5)

5.3 Wave Propagation in Thin Films,

185

(9)

5.3.1 Propagation of EM Waves,

186

(5)

5.3.2 Phonons and Acoustic Waves,

191

(2)

5.3.3 Electron Waves,

193

(1)

5.4 Evanescent Waves and Tunneling,

194

(4)

5.4.1 Evanescent Waves

194

(1)

5.4.2 Tunneling

195

(3)

5.5 Energy Transfer in Nanostructures: Landauer Formalism,

198

(6)

5.6 Transition to Particle Description,

204

(12)

5.6.1 Wave Packets and Group Velocity,

204

(3)

5.6.2 Coherence and Transition to Particle Description,

207

(9)

5.7 Summary of Chapter 5,

216

(2)

5.8 Nomenclature for Chapter 5,

218

(2)

5.9 References,

220

(3)

5.10 Exercises,

223

(4)

6 Particle Description of Transport Processes: Classical Laws,

227

(55)

6.1 The Liouville Equation and the Boltzmann Equation,

228

(5)

6.1.1 The Phase Space and Liouville's Equation,

228

(2)

6.1.2 The Boltzmann Equation,

230

(3)

6.1.3 Intensity for Energy Flow,

233

(1)

6.2 Carrier Scattering,

233

(9)

6.2.1 Scattering Integral and Relaxation Time Approximation,

234

(3)

6.2.2 Scattering of Phonons,

237

(3)

6.2.3 Scattering of Electrons,

240

(1)

6.2.4 Scattering of Photons,

240

(2)

6.2.5 Scattering of Molecules,

242

(1)

6.3 Classical Constitutive Laws,

242

(20)

6.3.1 Fourier Law and Phonon Thermal Conductivity,

243

(4)

6.3.2 Newton's Shear Stress Law,

247

(2)

6.3.3 Ohm's Law and the Wiedemann-Franz Law,

249

(5)

6.3.4 Thermoelectric Effects and Onsager Relations,

254

(4)

6.3.5 Hyperpolic Heat Conduction Equation and Its Validity,

258

(2)

6.3.6 Meaning of Local Equilibrium and Validity of Diffusion Theories,

260

(2)

6.4 Conservative Equations,

262

(11)

6.4.1 Navier-Stokes Equations,

263

(3)

6.4.2 Electrohydrodynamic Equation,

266

(2)

6.4.3 Phonon Hydrodynamic Equations,

268

(5)

6.5 Summary of Chapter 6,

273

(2)

6.7 Nomenclature for Chapter 6,

275

(2)

6.8 References,

277

(2)

6.9 Exercises,

279

(3)

7 Classical Size Effects,

282

(66)

7.1 Size Effects on Electron and Phonon Conduction Parallel to Boundaries,

283

(9)

7.1.1 Electrical Conduction along Thin Films,

285

(3)

7.1.2 Phonon Heat Conduction along Thin Films,

288

(4)

7.2 Transport Perpendicular to the Boundaries,

292

(16)

7.2.1 Thermal Radiation between Two Parallel Plates,

292

(7)

7.2.2 Heat Conduction across Thin Films and Superlattices,

299

(3)

7.2.3 Rarefied Gas Heat Conduction between Two Parallel Plates,

302

(5)

7.2.4 Current Flow across Heterojunctions,

307

(1)

7.3 Rarefied Poiseuille Flow and Knudsen Minimum,

308

(5)

7.4 Transport in Nonplanar Structures,

313

(4)

7.4.1 Thermal Radiation between Concentric Cylinders and Spheres,

314

(1)

7.4.2 Rarefied Gas Flow and Convection,

314

(1)

7.4.3 Phonon Heat Conduction,

315

(1)

7.4.4 Multidimensional Transport Problems,

316

(1)

7.5 Diffusion Approximation with Diffusion-Transmission Boundary Conditions,

317

(14)

7.5.1 Thermal Radiation between Two Parallel Plates,

319

(2)

7.5.2 Heat Conduction in Thin Films,

321

(1)

7.5.3 Electron Transport across an Interface: Thermionic Emission,

322

(5)

7.5.4 Velocity Slip for Rarefied Gas Flow,

327

(4)

7.6 Ballistic-Diffusive Treatments,

331

(5)

7.6.1 Modified Differential Approximation for Thermal Radiation,

331

(2)

7.6.2 Ballistic-Diffusive Equations for Phonon Transport,

333

(3)

7.7 Summary of Chapter 7,

336

(2)

7.8 Nomenclature for Chapter 7,

338

(2)

7.9 References,

340

(4)

7.10 Exercises,

344

(4)

8 Energy Conversion and Coupled Transport Processes,

348

(56)

8.1 Carrier Scattering, Generation, and Recombination,

349

(18)

8.1.1 Nonequilibrium Electron-Phonon Interactions,

349

(9)

8.1.2 Photon Absorption and Carrier Excitation,

358

(5)

8.1.3 Relaxation and Recombination of Excited Carriers,

363

(3)

8.1.4 Boltzmann Equation Revisited,

366

(1)

8.2 Coupled Nonequilibrium Electron-Phonon Transport without Recombination,

367

(6)

8.2.1 Hot Electron Effects in Short Pulse Laser Heating of Metals,

369

(1)

8.2.2 Hot Electron and Hot Phonon Effects in Semiconductor Devices,

370

(3)

8.2.3 Cold and Hot Phonons in Energy Conversion Devices,

373

(1)

8.3 Energy Exchange in Semiconductor Devices with Recombination,

373

(13)

8.3.1 Energy Source Formulation,

373

(3)

8.3.2 Energy Conversion in a p-n Junction,

376

(8)

8.3.3 Radiation Heating of Semiconductors,

384

(2)

8.4 Nanostructures for Energy Conversion,

386

(9)

8.4.1 Thermoelectric Devices,

386

(5)

8.4.2 Solar Cells and Thermophotovoltaic Power Conversion,

391

(4)

8.5 Summary of Chapter 8,

395

(1)

8.6 Nomenclature for Chapter 8,

396

(2)

8.7 References,

398

(3)

8.8 Exercises,

401

(3)

9 Liquids and Their Interfaces,

404

(48)

9.1 Bulk Liquids and Their Transport Properties,

405

(11)

9.1.1 Radial Distribution Function and van der Waals Equation of State,

405

(3)

9.1.2 Kinetic Theories of Liquids,

408

(3)

9.1.3 Brownian Motion and the Langevin Equation,

411

(5)

9.2 Forces and Potentials between Particles and Surfaces,

416

(17)

9.2.1 Intermolecular Potentials,

417

(2)

9.2.2 Van der Waals Potential and Force between Surfaces,

419

(2)

9.2.3 Electric Double Layer Potential and Force at Interfaces,

421

(6)

9.2.4 Surface Forces and Potentials Due to Molecular Structures,

427

(1)

9.2.5 Surface Tension,

428

(5)

9.3 Size Effects on Single-Phase Flow and Convection,

433

(5)

9.3.1 Pressure-Driven Flow and Heat Transfer in Micro- and Nanochannels,

433

(3)

9.3.2 Electrokinetic Flows,

436

(2)

9.4 Size Effects on Phase Transition,

438

(5)

9.4.1 Curvature Effect on Vapor Pressure of Droplets,

439

(2)

9.4.2 Curvature Effect on Equilibrium Phase Transition Temperature,

441

(1)

9.4.3 Extension to Solid Particles,

441

(1)

9.4.4 Curvature Effect on Surface Tension,

442

(1)

9.5 Summary of Chapter 9,

443

(2)

9.6 Nomenclature for Chaper 9,

445

(2)

9.7 References,

447

(2)

9.8 Exercises,

449

(3)

10 Molecular Dynamics Simulation

452

(53)

10.1 The Equations of Motion,

453

(5)

10.2 Interatomic Potential,

458

(4)

10.3 Statistical Foundation for Molecular Dynamic Simulations,

462

(21)

10.3.1 Time Average versus Ensemble Average,

462

(2)

10.3.2 Response Function and Kramers-Kronig Relations,

464

(2)

10.3.3 Linear Response Theory,

466

(7)

10.3.4 Linear Response to Internal Thermal Disturbance,

473

(3)

10.3.5 Microscopic Expressions of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties,

476

(3)

10.3.6 Thermostatted Ensembles,

479

(4)

10.4 Solving the Equations of Motion,

483

(3)

10.4.1 Numerical Integration of the Equations of Motion,

483

(2)

10.4.2 Initial Conditions,

485

(1)

10.4.3 Periodic Boundary Condition,

485

(1)

10.5 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermal Transport,

486

(8)

10.5.1 Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation,

486

(4)

10.5.2 Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations,

490

(3)

10.5.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoscale Heat Transfer,

493

(1)

10.6 Summary of Chapter 10,

494

(2)

10.7 Nomenclature for Chapter 10,

496

(2)

10.8 References,

498

(4)

10.9 Exercises,

502

(3)

Appendix A: Homogeneous Semiconductors,

505

(4)

Appendix B: Seconductor p-n Junctions,

509

(4)

Index,

513

(17)

Units and Their Conversions,

530

(1)

Physical Constants,

531

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Nanoscale Energy Transport and Conversion A Parallel Treatment of Electrons, Molecules, Phonons, and Photons

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