Nanosystem Characterization Tools in the Life Sciences

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ISBN: 9783527313839 | 3527313834
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/10/2006

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This Volume. Volume 3 reviews spectroscopic, scanning and X-ray methodologies for the gleaning of information with nano-scale resolution as well as special characterization techniques and the requirements of the biomedical context of the measurements. Book jacket.

Preface

xiii

List of Contributors

xvi

1 Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes

(37)

Daniele Gerion

1.1 Introduction and Outlook

(2)

1.1.1 A New Era in Cell Biology

(1)

1.1.2 Nanotechnology and its Perspectives for Fluorescence Imaging in Cell Biology

(1)

1.2 Fundamentals of Fluorescence

(14)

1.2.1 Basic Principles

(3)

1.2.2 A Few Types of Fluorescent Probes

(1)

1.2.2.1 Small Luminescent Units and Autofluorescence of Living Organisms

(1)

1.2.2.2 A few Organic Dyes and their Limitation in Live Cell Labeling

(1)

1.2.2.3 Green Fluorescent Protein and its Cousin Mutants

(1)

1.2.2.4 Quantum Dots

(1)

1.2.2.5 Toxicity Issues of Nanomaterials

(1)

1.2.3 Sources and Detectors

(1)

1.2.3.1 Light Sources

(1)

1.2.3.2 Detectors

(2)

1.3 Microscope Configurations

(4)

1.3.1 Wide-field Methods: Epi-, and Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

(1)

1.3.1.1 Epifluorescence Illumination

(1)

1.3.1.2 Total internal Reflection (TIR) Illumination

(1)

1.3.2 Scanning Methods for Microscopy

(1)

1.3.2.1 Laser-scanning or Stage-scanning Confocal Microscopy

(1)

1.3.2.2 Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)

(1)

1.4 Strategies for Image Acquisition

(5)

1.4.1 Intensity Imaging

(2)

1.4.2 Spectral Imaging

(1)

1.4.3 Lifetime and Time-gated Imaging

(2)

1.4.4 Other Imaging Modalities: Polarization and FRET Imaging

(1)

1.5 Qdots in Biology. A Few Selected Examples

(5)

1.5.1 Ultra-high Colocalization of Qdots for Genetic Mapping

(1)

1.5.2 Dynamics of Biomolecules in a Cellular Environment

(1)

1.5.2.1 Trafficking of Glycine Receptors in Neural Membranes of Live Cells

(1)

1.5.2.2 Dynamics of Labeled Nuclear Localization Sequences Inside Living Cells

(1)

1.5.3 In Vivo and Non-invasive Detection Using Qdot Reporters

(1)

1.6 Outlook: Is there a Role for Nanoscience in Cellular Biology and in Medicine?

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

2 Characterization of Nanoscale Systems in Biology using Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques

(71)

Anthony W. Coleman, Adina N. Lazar, Cecile F. Rousseau, Sebastien Cecillon, and Patrick Shahgaldian

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 The Scanning Probe Microscopy Experiment

(1)

2.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging

(1)

2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy

(15)

2.4.1 Generalities

(3)

2.4.2 Tips and Cantilevers

(2)

2.4.3 Contact Mode AFM

(1)

2.4.4 Dynamic Modes

(1)

2.4.4.1 Generalities

(1)

2.4.4.2 Non-contact Mode

(1)

2.4.4.3 Intermittent Contact Mode

(1)

2.4.4.4 Force Modulation Mode

(1)

2.4.5 Friction Force Mode or Lateral Force Mode

(1)

2.4.6 Force–Distance Analysis

(2)

2.4.7 Chemical Force Imaging

(2)

2.4.8 Dip-pen Lithography

(1)

2.4.9 Cantilever Array Sensors

(2)

2.5 Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy

(1)

2.6 Artifacts

(3)

2.6.1 Artifacts Related to Tip Size and Geometry

(2)

2.6.2 Artifacts from Damaged Tips

(1)

2.6.3 Artifacts from Tip–Sample Interactions

(1)

2.6.4 Sample Artifacts

(1)

2.7 Using the Tools

(33)

2.7.1 DNA

(1)

2.7.1.1 Topographic Imaging of DNA

(1)

2.7.1.2 Imaging DNA Translocation

(1)

2.7.1.3 DNA Interactions and Stretching

(5)

2.7.2 Proteins

(1)

2.7.2.1 Topographic Imaging of Proteins

(1)

2.7.2.2 Dip-pen Nanolithography Patterning of Proteins

(1)

2.7.2.3 Protein–Protein and Protein–Ligand Interactions

(3)

2.7.3 Polysaccharides

(1)

2.7.3.1 Proteoglycan Topographic Imaging

(2)

2.7.4 Lipid Systems

(1)

2.7.4.1 Liposomes

(1)

2.7.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)

(1)

2.7.4.3 Supported Lipid Bilayers and Monolayers

(4)

2.7.5 SNOM Imaging

(2)

2.7.6 Viruses

(2)

2.7.7 Cells

(1)

2.7.7.1 Topographic Imaging

(1)

2.7.7.2 Interactions and Mechanical Properties

(1)

2.7.7.3 NSOM Imaging

(2)

2.7.8 Cantilever Arrays as Biosensors

(1)

2.8 Conclusion

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(6)

Appendix 1 Books on Scanning Probe Microsopies Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology

100

(2)

Appendix 2 Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology

102

(7)

3 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Characterization of Nanostructure Assemblies in Biosensing

109

(36)

Aren E. Gerdon, David W. Wright, and David E. Cliffel

3.1 Introduction

109

(9)

3.1.1 Principles of QCM

109

(3)

3.1.2 QCM Wave Penetration Depth

112

(1)

3.1.3 QCM Sensor Specificity

113

(1)

3.1.4 Calculation of Equilibrium and Kinetic Constants

114

(2)

3.1.5 QCM Application to Life Sciences

116

(2)

3.2 Interface Between Biology and Nanomaterials

118

(6)

3.2.1 Antibodies

120

(1)

3.2.2 Nanoparticles

121

(3)

3.3 QCM Nanoparticle-based Chemical Sensors

124

(1)

3.4 QCM Nanoparticle-based Biosensors

125

(1)

3.5 QCM Nanoparticle-based Immunosensors

125

(11)

3.5.1 Traditional Immunoassays

126

(1)

3.5.2 Immunoassays using Nanotechnology

127

(1)

3.5.3 QCM Nanoparticle-based Immunosensors

128

(1)

3.5.3.1 Antigen Mimic Design

129

(1)

3.5.3.2 Glutathione-protected Nanocluster

130

(1)

3.5.3.3 Hemagglutanin Mimic Nanocluster

131

(1)

3.5.3.4 Protective Antigen of B. anthracis Mimic Nanocluster

133

(3)

3.6 Conclusions and Future Directions

136

(1)

Acknowledgments

137

(1)

Symbols

137

(1)

References

138

(7)

4 NMR Characterization Techniques – Application to Nanoscaled Pharmaceutical Carriers

145

(30)

Christian Mayer

4.1 Introduction

145

(1)

4.2 Structural Analysis of Nanoparticles

146

(8)

4.3 Phase Transitions of the Particle Matrix

154

(2)

4.4 Adsorption to the Particle Surface

156

(5)

4.5 Molecular Exchange through Nanocapsule Membranes

161

(5)

4.6 Particle Degradation and Release

166

(4)

4.7 Summary and Outlook

170

(1)

References

171

(4)

5 Characterization of Nano Features in Biopolymers using Small-angle X-ray Scattering, Electron Microscopy and Modeling

175

(33)

Angelika Krebs and Bettina Böttcher

5.1 Introduction

175

(1)

5.2 Small-angle X-ray Scattering

176

(9)

5.2.1 Scattering Technique

176

(1)

5.2.1.1 Scattering Phenomenon

176

(1)

5.2.1.2 Scattering Curve and Pair Distance Distribution Function

178

(1)

5.2.1.3 Determination of Scattering Parameters

179

(1)

5.2.1.4 Experimental Setup

180

(1)

5.2.2 Interpretation of Data

181

(1)

5.2.2.1 Direct Methods

181

(1)

5.2.2.2 Indirect Methods

182

(3)

5.3 Electron Microscopy

185

(14)

5.3.1 Image Formation

186

(1)

5.3.1.1 Interference of Electrons with Matter

186

(1)

5.3.1.2 Contrast Transfer Function

187

(1)

5.3.2 Sample Preparation

188

(1)

5.3.2.1 Vitrification of Biological Specimens

188

(3)

5.3.3 Two-dimensional Merging of Electron Microscopic Data

191

(1)

5.3.3.1 Cross Correlation Function

192

(1)

5.3.3.2 Identification of the Different Views

193

(2)

5.3.4 Merging of EM-data in Three Dimensions

195

(1)

5.3.4.1 Sinogram Correlation

195

(1)

5.3.4.2 Reconstruction of the Three-dimensional Model

196

(3)

5.4 Merging of Methods

199

(4)

5.4.1 Comparison of EM and SAXS Data

199

(2)

5.4.2 SAXS Modeling Approaches using EM Information

201

(2)

References

203

(5)

6 In Situ Characterization of Drug Nanoparticles by FTIR Spectroscopy

208

(33)

Michael Türk and Ruth Signorell

6.1 Introduction

208

(1)

6.2 Particle Generation Methods

209

(3)

6.2.1 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) S S)

209

(2)

6.2.2 Electro-Spraying

211

(1)

6.3 Particle Characterization Methods

212

(7)

6.3.1 In Situ Characterization with FTIR Spectroscopy

212

(1)

6.3.1.1 Experimental Setup

212

(1)

6.3.1.2 Characterization of the RESS Process

214

(3)

6.3.2 In Situ Characterization with 3-WEM

217

(1)

6.3.3 Characterization with SMPS and SEM

218

(1)

6.4 Determination of Refractive Index Data in the Mid-infrared Region

219

(3)

6.5 Examples

222

(14)

6.5.1 Phenanthrene Particles: Size, Shape, Optical Data

222

(4)

6.5.2 Sugar Nanoparticles

226

(3)

6.5.3 Drug Nanoparticles

229

(7)

6.6 Summary and Conclusion

236

(1)

Acknowledgment

236

(1)

References

237

(4)

7 Characterization of Nanoscaled Drug Delivery Systems by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

241

(18)

Karsten Mäder

7.1 Introduction

241

(1)

7.2 ESR Basics and Requirements

242

(4)

7.3 Information from ESR Spectroscopy and Imaging

246

(9)

7.3.1 Nitroxide Concentration

246

(1)

7.3.2 Micropolarity and Microviscosity

247

(6)

7.3.3 Monitoring of Microacidity

253

(1)

7.3.4 ESR Imaging

254

(1)

7.4 In Vivo ESR

255

(1)

7.5 Summary and Outlook

255

(1)

Acknowledgment

256

(1)

References

256

(3)

8 X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy in Nanoscience and Lifesciences

259

(33)

Jinghua Guo

8.1 Introduction

259

(1)

8.2 Soft X-ray Spectroscopy

260

(7)

8.2.1 Soft X-ray Absorption Edges

261

(1)

8.2.2 Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

261

(2)

8.2.3 Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

263

(1)

8.2.4 Resonant Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

264

(1)

8.2.5 Experimental Details

265

(2)

8.3 Chemical Sensitivity of Soft X-ray Spectroscopy

267

(5)

8.3.1 Electronic Structure and Geometrical Structure

268

(2)

8.3.2 Hydrogen Bonding Effect

270

(1)

8.3.3 Charge and Spin States of Transition Metals

271

(1)

8.4 Electronic Structure and Nanostructure

272

(5)

8.4.1 Wide Bandgap Nanostructured Semiconductors

273

(2)

8.4.2 Cu Nanoclusters

275

(1)

8.4.3 ZnO Nanocrystals

276

(1)

8.5 Electronic Structure and Molecular Structure

277

(8)

8.5.1 Hydrogen Bonding in Liquid Water

277

(1)

8.5.2 Molecular Structure in Liquid Alcohol and Water Mixture

278

(2)

8.5.3 Electronic Structure and Ion Solvations

280

(2)

8.5.4 Drugs in Water Solution

282

(1)

8.5.5 Electronic Structure of Bases in DNA Duplexes

282

(3)

Acknowledgments

285

(1)

References

286

(6)

9 Some New Advances and Challenges in Biological and Biomedical Materials Characterization

292

(27)

Filip Braet, Lilian Soon, Thomas F. Kelly, David J. Larson, and Simon P. Ringer

9.1 Introduction

292

(1)

9.2 Modern Atom Probe Tomography: Principles, Applications in Biomaterials and Potential Applications for Biology

293

(14)

9.2.1 The Need for an Ideal Microscope

293

(1)

9.2.1.1 Field Ion Microscopy and the Modern Atom Probe Instrument

293

(1)

9.2.1.2 Applications in Biomaterials

298

(1)

9.2.1.3 Applications and Challenges for Biological Science

301

(6)

9.3 Atomic Force Microscopy

307

(5)

9.3.1 Introduction

307

(1)

9.3.2 Instrumentation

308

(1)

9.3.2.1 Live Cell Imaging

309

(3)

9.3.3 Summary

312

(1)

9.4 Cryo-electron Microscopy

312

(2)

9.4.1 Introduction

312

(1)

9.4.2 Instrumentation

313

(1)

9.4.2.1 Cryo-electron Microscopy Imaging

313

(1)

9.4.3 Summary

314

(1)

9.5 Conclusions

314

(1)

Acknowledgments

315

(1)

References

315

(4)

10 Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

319

(35)

Rhonda Dzakpasu and Daniel Axelrod

10.1 Introduction

319

(1)

10.2 Theory

320

(15)

10.2.1 Single Scattering Center

321

(3)

10.2.2 Multiple Scattering Centers

324

(1)

10.2.3 Temporal Autocorrelation of Intensity

324

(1)

10.2.4 Phase Fluctuation Factors

325

(4)

10.2.5 Number Fluctuation Factors

329

(2)

10.2.6 Characteristic Times and Distances

331

(1)

10.2.7 Spatial Autocorrelation of Intensity

331

(3)

10.2.8 Variance of Intensity Fluctuations: Mobile Fraction

334

(1)

10.3 Experimental Design

335

(4)

10.3.1 Optical Setup

335

(1)

10.3.2 Data Acquisition

335

(2)

10.3.3 Sample Preparation: Polystyrene Beads

337

(1)

10.3.4 Sample Preparation: Living Macrophages

338

(1)

10.3.5 Buffer Changes during Data Acquisition

338

(1)

10.4 Data Analysis

339

(2)

10.4.1 Temporal Intensity Autocorrelation Function

339

(1)

10.4.2 Spatial Intensity Autocorrelation Function

339

(1)

10.4.3 Mobile Fraction

340

(1)

10.5 Experimental Results

341

(7)

10.5.1 Polystyrene Beads: Temporal Phase Autocorrelation

341

(1)

10.5.2 Variance of Intensity Fluctuations on Beads: Phase Fluctuations

342

(1)

10.5.3 Polystyrene Beads: Number Fluctuations

343

(2)

10.5.4 Polystyrene Beads: Spatial Autocorrelation

345

(1)

10.5.5 Polystyrene Beads: Mobile Fractions

346

(1)

10.5.6 Living Macrophage Cells: Temporal Autocorrelation

347

(1)

10.5.7 Living Macrophage Cells: Mobile Fraction

348

(1)

10.6 Discussion

348

(4)

10.6.1 Polystyrene Beads

348

(2)

10.6.2 Macrophages

350

(1)

10.6.3 Improvements for DLSM

351

(1)

Acknowledgments

352

(1)

References

352

(2)

11 X-ray Scattering Techniques for Characterization of Nanosystems in Lifesciences

354

(25)

Cheng K. Saw

11.1 Introduction

354

(2)

11.2 Brief Historical Background and Unique Properties

356

(1)

11.3 Scattering of X-rays

357

(2)

11.4 Crystallography

359

(1)

11.5 Scattering from a Powder Sample

360

(2)

11.6 Scattering by Atomic Aggregates

362

(2)

11.7 Crystallite Size and Paracrystallinity

364

(1)

11.8 Production of X-rays

365

(2)

11.9 Absorption of X-rays

367

(1)

11.10 Instrumentation: WAXS

367

(3)

11.11 Small Angle X-ray Scattering

370

(3)

11.11.1 Dilute Systems

371

(2)

11.11.2 Highly Correlating Systems

373

(1)

11.12 SAXS Instrumentation

373

(2)

11.13 Synchrotron Radiation

375

(1)

11.14 Concluding Remarks

376

(1)

Acknowledgment

377

(1)

References

377

(2)

Index

379

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Nanosystem Characterization Tools in the Life Sciences

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