Nanotubes And Nanofibers

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ISBN: 9780849393877 | 0849393876
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/20/2006

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The discovery and rapid evolution of carbon nanotubes have led to a vastly improved understanding of nanotechnology, as well as dozens of possible applications for nanomaterials of different shapes and sizes ranging from composites to biology, medicine, energy, transportation, and electronic devices. Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers an overview of structure-property relationships, synthesis and purification, and potential applications of carbon nanotubes and fibers, including whiskers, cones, nanobelts, and nanowires.Using research on carbon nanotubes as a foundation to further developments, this book discusses methods for growing and synthesizing amorphous and nanocrystalline graphitic carbon structures and inorganic nanomaterials, including wet chemical synthesis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, and others. It also describes boron nitride and metal chalcogenide nanotubes in detail and reviews the unique properties and methods for characterizing and producing single-crystalline semiconducting and functional-oxide nanowires. The chapters also identify challenges involving the controlled growth, processing, and assembly of organic and inorganic nanostructures that must be addressed before large-scale applications can be implemented.Edited by award-winning professor and researcher Dr. Yury Gogotsi, Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers a well-rounded perspective on the advances leading to improved nanomaterial properties for a range of new devices and applications including electronic devices, structural composites, hydrogen and gas storage, electrodes in electrochemical energy-storage systems, sorbents, and filters.

Chapter 1 Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and Properties

(36)

John E. Fischer

1.1 Introduction

(2)

1.2 Structure

(8)

1.2.1 Single-Wall Tubes, Bundles, and Crystalline Ropes

(2)

1.2.2 Multiwall Tubes

(1)

1.2.3 Macroscopic Nanotube Materials

(2)

1.2.4 Fibers

(1)

1.2.5 Filled Tubes

(3)

1.2.6 Nanotube Suspensions

(1)

1.3 Physical Properties

(20)

1.3.1 Mechanical Properties

(1)

1.3.2 Thermal Properties

(5)

1.3.3 Electronic Properties

(12)

1.3.4 Magnetic and Superconducting Properties

(1)

1.4 Summary and Prospects

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(7)

Abstract

Chapter 2 Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes

(72)

Eduard G. Rakov

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Carbon Nanotube Morphology and Structure

(1)

2.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

(1)

2.4 Opening of Carbon Nanotubes

(1)

2.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes

(17)

2.5.1 Attachment of Oxidic Groups

(1)

2.5.2 Reactions of Carboxylic Groups Attached to Nanotubes

(4)

2.5.3 Fluorination

(1)

2.5.4 Amidation

(2)

2.5.5 Other Types of Covalent Bonding

(3)

2.5.6 Noncovalent Bonding

(3)

2.5.7 Dispersions in Oleum

(1)

2.5.8 Self-Assembly, Film, and Fiber Formation

(3)

2.6 Filling the Inner Cavity of Carbon Nanotubes

(7)

2.6.1 In Situ Filling

(1)

2.6.2 Post-Processing Filling

(3)

2.6.2.1 Filling from Liquid Media

(2)

2.6.2.2 Filling from Gas Phase

(1)

2.6.3 Reactions inside Nanotube

(1)

2.6.4 The Structure of Crystals inside Nanotubes

(1)

2.7 Adsorption and Storage of Gases

(4)

2.7.1 Hydrogen Problem

(2)

2.7.2 Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors

(1)

2.8 Attachment of Biomolecules

(2)

2.8.1 Biosensors

(2)

2.8.2 Others Fields of Application

(1)

2.9 Nanotubes as Templates

(3)

2.9.1 Substitution of the Carbon Atoms of Nanotubes

(1)

2.9.2 Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes

(2)

2.10 Intercalation of "Guest" Moieties

(2)

2.11 Summary and Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(32)

Abstract

109

(1)

Chapter 3 Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals

109

(26)

Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi

3.1 Preface

110

(1)

3.2 Graphite Whiskers and Cones

110

(13)

3.2.1 Synthetic Whiskers and Cones

111

(5)

3.2.1.1 Whiskers

111

(2)

3.2.1.2 Cones

113

(3)

3.2.2 Occurrence of Graphite Whiskers and Cones in Nature

116

(1)

3.2.3 Structure: Geometrical Considerations

117

(4)

3.2.4 Properties and Applications

121

(2)

3.2.4.1 Electronic Properties of Synthetic Whiskers and Cones

121

(1)

3.2.4.2 Raman Spectra

122

(1)

3.3 Graphite Polyhedral Crystals — Polygonal Multiwall Tubes

123

(8)

3.3.1 Synthesis

123

(2)

3.3.2 Structure of Polygonal Tubes

125

(3)

3.3.3 Properties and Applications

128

(30)

3.3.3.1 Electronic Band Structure

128

(1)

3.3.3.2 Raman Spectra

129

(1)

3.3.3.3 Chemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Stability

130

(1)

3.4 Conclusions

131

(1)

Acknowledgment

132

(1)

References

132

(3)

Chapter 4 Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Materials of Metal Dichalcogenide and Related Layered Compounds

135

(22)

R. Tenne

4.1 Preface

135

(3)

4.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanotubes

138

(6)

4.3 Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Structures Studied by Computational Methods

144

(4)

4.4 Study of the Properties of Inorganic Nanotubes in Relation to Their Applications

148

(2)

4.5 Conclusions

150

(1)

Acknowledgments

150

(1)

References

150

(7)

Abstract

157

(1)

Chapter 5 Boron Nitride Nanotubes: Synthesis and Structure

157

(22)

Hongzhou Zhang and Zing Chen

5.1 Introduction

157

(1)

5.2 Structures of Boron Nitride Nanotubes

158

(6)

5.2.1 Hexagonal Boron Nitride

158

(1)

5.2.2 Boron Nitride Nanotube Structure

159

(2)

5.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Boron Nitride Nanotube Chirality

161

(3)

5.3 Synthesis Methods of Boron Nitride Nanotubes

164

(9)

5.3.1 Arc Discharge and Arc Melting

164

(2)

5.3.2 Laser-Assisted Method

166

(2)

5.3.3 Ball Milling and Annealing

168

(1)

5.3.4 Carbon Nanotube Substitution

169

(3)

5.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Other Thermal Methods

172

(1)

5.4 Summary

173

(1)

Acknowledgments

174

(1)

References

174

(5)

Chapter 6 Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites

179

(20)

Fangming Du and Karen I. Winey

6.1 Introduction

179

(2)

6.2 Nanocomposite Fabrication and Nanotube Alignment

181

(4)

6.3 Mechanical Properties

185

(2)

6.4 Thermal and Rheological Properties

187

(3)

6.5 Electrical Conductivity

190

(2)

6.6 Thermal Conductivity and Flammability

192

(1)

6.7 Conclusions

193

(2)

Acknowledgments

195

(1)

References

195

(4)

Abstract

199

(1)

Chapter 7 One-Dimensional Semiconductor and Oxide Nanostructures

199

(34)

Jonathan E. Spanier

7.1 Introduction

200

(1)

7.2 Strategies for the Synthesis of 1-D Nanostructures

201

(10)

7.2.1 Metal Nanoclusters: Facilitating 1-D Growth

202

(1)

7.2.2 Laser-Assisted Metal-Catalyzed Nanowire Growth

203

(1)

7.2.3 Metal-Catalyzed Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth

204

(2)

7.2.4 Vapor–Solid–Solid Growth

206

(1)

7.2.5 Catalyst-Free Vapor-Phase Growth

207

(1)

7.2.6 Chemical Solution-Based Growth

207

(2)

7.2.7 Template-Assisted Growth

209

(2)

7.2.8 Selected Other Methods

211

(1)

7.3 Hierarchal Complexity in 1-D Nanostructures

211

(9)

7.3.1 Control of Diameter and Diameter Dispersion

211

(1)

7.3.2 Control of Shape: Novel Topologies

212

(1)

7.3.3 Other Binary Oxide 1-D Nanostructures

213

(1)

7.3.4 Hierarchal 1-D Nanostructures

213

(2)

7.3.5 Axial and Radial Modulation of Composition and Doping

215

(5)

7.4 Selected Properties and Applications

220

(5)

7.4.1 Mechanical and Thermal Properties and Phonon Transport

220

(1)

7.4.2 Electronic Properties of Nanowires

221

(1)

7.4.3 Optical Properties of Nanowires

222

(3)

7.5 Concluding Remarks

225

(1)

Acknowledgments

225

(1)

References

225

(8)

Chapter 8 Nanofiber Technology

233

(12)

Frank K. Ko

8.1 Introduction

233

(1)

8.2 The Electrospinning Process

234

(1)

8.3 Key Processing Parameters

235

(3)

8.4 Nanofiber Yarns and Fabrics Formation

238

(1)

8.5 Potential Applications of Electrospun Fibers

238

(5)

8.5.1 Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

239

(1)

8.5.2 Nanofibers for Chemical/Bio Protective Membranes

239

(3)

8.5.3 Nanocomposite Fibers for Structural Applications

242

(1)

8.6 Summary and Conclusions

243

(1)

References

244

(1)

Index

245

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Nanotubes And Nanofibers

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials