NAPL Removal Surfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions

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ISBN: 9781566704670 | 1566704677
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/17/2000

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Complete and quantitative, NAPL Removal: Surfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions, belongs to a ten-monograph series that records the results of the Department of Defense/Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility environmental technology demonstrations. It presents the outcome of field demonstrations of innovative in situ remediation technologies. In situ surfactant and cosolvent flushing for nonaqueous phase liquids constitutes a technique with the potential to reduce the mass of NAPL - a continuing source of groundwater contamination. This monograph details two technologies - surfactant/foam and single-phase microemulsion - selected for their potential to address the needed breakthroughs. Copiously illustrated with figures and tables, NAPL Removal: Surfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions takes you through the entire field demonstration step-by-step. It describes the development of the processes, analyzes the costs, discusses design issues, and covers performance and potential application.

Part I Field Demonstration of the Surfactant/Foam Process for Remediation of a Heterogeneous Aquifer Contaminated with DNAPL

(169)

Executive Summary

(4)

Description of Surfactant/Foam Process and Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation

(4)

Surfactant/Foam Process Development

(18)

Introduction to Surfactant Properties and Phase Behavior

(6)

Selection of Sodium Dihexyl Sulfosuccinate

(1)

Critical Micelle Concentration

(1)

Adverse Phase Formation

(1)

Salinity Scans

(1)

The Effect of Ca2+ and Alcohol on Phase Behavior and Foaming

(1)

Effect of DNAPL on Foam

(1)

Biodegradation Studies

(1)

Column Tests

(3)

Foam Propagation

(1)

Slug Size

(1)

Flow Rate

(1)

Additional Parameters

(1)

Vertical and Heterogeneous Column Experiments

(1)

Small 2-D Model Configuration and Characterization

(3)

Pressure-Regulated Foam Generation

(1)

Surfactant/Foam Flood vs. Surfactant Flood

(1)

Design and Modification of UT Layered 2-D Sand Tank

(4)

Framing Details

(1)

End-piece Details

(1)

Assembly and Leak-Testing of the Tank

(1)

Packing and Initial Testing of the Tank

(1)

Experimental Problems and Corrections Applied

(1)

Performance in the UT Tank

(1)

Summary of Findings from Surfactant/Foam Development Experiments

(2)

Surfactant/Foam Field Site Description

(10)

Contamination at Site

(4)

Hydrogeology of Site

(2)

Aquiclude Properties and Structure

(4)

Field Demonstration Design

(48)

Site Characterization

(17)

Stratigraphy Observed During Drilling Programs

(1)

Contaminant Distribution Found in Drilling Programs

(6)

Permeability Results

(4)

DNAPL Saturation and Permeability Distribution

(1)

Test Site Pattern and Instrumentation

(12)

Design of Injection and Extraction Wells

(1)

Monitoring Well Design

(3)

Surveying and Well Elevations

(1)

Well Development

(1)

Slug Tests

(1)

Extraction/Injection Test

(1)

Conservative Tracer Test

(2)

Single Well Foam Generation Test

(3)

Characterization of NAPL Volume Using Partitioning Interwell Tracer Tests

(6)

Partitioning Tracer Column Studies

(2)

Simulations for Partitioning Tracer Test Design

(3)

Tracer Selection

(1)

Summary of Partitioning Tracer Test Design

(1)

Numerical Modeling of the Surfactant/Foam Process Using UTCHEM

(10)

Foam Modification

(1)

Simulation Model

(1)

Surfactant Phase Behavior

(1)

Liquid Properties

(1)

Gas/Foam Properties

(1)

Relative Permeability

(1)

Aquifer Properties

(1)

Permeability and DNAPL Distribution

(3)

Computational Method

(1)

Final Field Demonstration Design

(3)

Surfactant Solution Composition

(1)

Pattern Volumes and Rates

(1)

Air Injection

(1)

Monitoring Wells

(1)

PITTs and Borings

(1)

Summary of Design of Surfactant/Foam Demonstration

(1)

Field Operations

(8)

Field Demonstration Timeline

(1)

Surface Facilities

(2)

Injection System

(2)

Injectate Preparation

(1)

Injection Well Configuration

(1)

Air Injection

(1)

Extraction System

(1)

Effluent Sediment Control System

(2)

Field Monitoring, Sampling, and Analytical Methods

(8)

Aquifer Material Sample Collection

(1)

Injection System

(1)

Sampling of Mixing Tanks

(1)

Flow Rate and Pressure Monitoring

(1)

Liquid Level Monitoring

(1)

Extraction System

(1)

Extraction Flow Rate Monitoring

(1)

Extraction Well Sampling

(1)

Multilevel Monitoring Well Sampling

(1)

PITT Analysis

(1)

Measurement of Nonpartitioning Tracers

(1)

Measurement of Cations

(1)

Measurement of Surfactant in Extraction Fluids

100

(1)

Analysis of DNAPL

100

(1)

Hill DNAPL Composition

100

(1)

Measurement of DNAPL Constituent Concentration in Surfactant Solutions

100

(1)

Analysis of DNAPL in Soil Cores

101

(1)

Measurement of Tracer Alcohols

101

(2)

Results

103

(34)

Injected Surfactant and Electrolyte

103

(1)

Pressure and Liquid Level Response to Air Injection

104

(4)

Foam Propagation and Breakthrough

108

(1)

Performance of Effluent Treatment System

109

(3)

DNAPL Estimation by Partitioning Tracers

112

(8)

Approach to Data Analysis

112

(1)

Pre-flood Extraction Well Tracer Data Analysis

112

(3)

Error Analysis

115

(2)

Post-Surfactant/Foam Flood PITT Analysis Results

117

(3)

Summary of PITT Results

120

(1)

Recovery of Injected Chemicals

120

(2)

DNAPL Produced by Extraction and Monitoring Wells

122

(3)

Post-Surfactant/Foam Flood Subsurface Cores

125

(5)

DNAPL in Post-flood Subsurface Cores

128

(1)

Cation Exchange Capacity of Post-Surfactant/Foam Flood Subsurface Cores

129

(1)

Observations on Produced Fluids

130

(4)

Composition of Effluent in Drum

132

(1)

Post-flood DNAPL Compositions at Hydraulic Control Well HC-2

132

(2)

Mass Balances

134

(3)

Surfactant Mass Balance

134

(1)

Sodium Chloride Mass Balance

135

(1)

DNAPL Mass Balance

135

(2)

Discussion

137

(24)

Comparison with UTCHEM Model Simulations

137

(11)

PITT Simulation

145

(1)

Surfactant-Only Simulation

146

(1)

DNAPL Encroachment

147

(1)

Important Parameters

147

(1)

Surfactant Phase Behavior

148

(4)

Mobility Control with Foam

152

(1)

Effect of Gravity

153

(2)

Ion Exchange

155

(4)

DNAPL Removal

159

(2)

Recovery of DNAPL by Wells

159

(1)

Aquitard Structure

159

(1)

DNAPL in Post-Treatment Subsurface Cores

160

(1)

Summary

160

(1)

Conclusions

161

(2)

Part I References

163

(6)

Part II Field Demonstration of Single-phase Microemulsions for Aquifer Remediation

169

(48)

Executive Summary

169

(2)

Introduction

171

(2)

Purpose

171

(1)

Project Overview

171

(2)

Single-Phase SPME In Situ Flushing

173

(4)

In Situ Flushing: Background

173

(1)

Description of SPME Technology

174

(3)

Phase I: Laboratory Investigation

177

(10)

Characteristics of the OU1 NAPL

177

(1)

Surfactant Selection

177

(4)

Surfactant Solubility and Viscosity

177

(1)

NAPL Solubilization by Precursors

178

(3)

Column Tests

181

(5)

Glass Bead Column Tests

182

(1)

Contaminated Soil Column Tests

182

(1)

Two-Dimensional Flow Chamber Test

183

(3)

Summary

186

(1)

Phase II: Field Investigation

187

(24)

Pre-flushing Site Characterization

187

(6)

Test Cell Design and Instrumentation

187

(2)

Hydrodynamics Characterization

189

(1)

NAPL Saturation and Morphology

190

(1)

Soil Cores

190

(1)

Partitioning Tracers

190

(2)

Interfacial Tracers

192

(1)

Microemulsion Flushing

193

(10)

Materials and Methods

193

(3)

Extraction Well Results

196

(1)

SPME Hydrodynamic Consideration

197

(1)

Target Analyte Breakthrough Curves

197

(2)

NAPL Microemulsification

199

(1)

Elution of Precursor Solution

200

(1)

Multilevel Sampler Results

201

(2)

Mass Transfer Limitations and Modeling

203

(1)

Measures of Performance Effectiveness

203

(4)

Soil Core Data

203

(2)

Partitioning Tracers

205

(1)

Extraction Well Mass Balance

206

(1)

In-line Analysis

206

(1)

Waste Management and Minimization

207

(4)

Conclusions

211

(2)

Part II References

213

(4)

Part III Design and Evaluation of Surfactant/Foam and Single-Phase Microemulsion Technologies

217

(2)

Part IIIA Design and Evaluation of a Full-Scale Implementation of the Surfactant/Foam Process

219

(104)

Executive Summary

219

(6)

Summary of Surfactant/Foam Demonstration

220

(1)

Summary of Engineering Design and Cost Estimate

221

(1)

Summary of Potential Performance and Applicability

222

(3)

Summary of Technology Demonstration

225

(22)

Introduction

225

(1)

Summary of Laboratory Tests and Treatability Studies

225

(1)

Test Site Description

226

(4)

Procedures and Field Implementation

230

(4)

Summary of Results, Mass Balance, and Conclusions

234

(10)

Tracer Tests

234

(1)

Air Injection and Response

234

(2)

Monitoring Well Foam Formation

236

(1)

Produced Fluids Analysis

237

(4)

Monitoring Well Fluid Analysis

241

(1)

Soil Boring Data

242

(2)

Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test Data

244

(1)

Conclusions from the Results of the Surfactant/Foam Field Test

244

(3)

Contaminant Mass Removal

244

(1)

Benefits of Foam

245

(2)

Measurement Procedures

247

(2)

Engineering Design

249

(10)

Base Case

249

(8)

Site Setting

252

(1)

Remedial Objective

252

(1)

Upfront Activities

252

(1)

Chemical System and Injection Sequence

253

(1)

Injection/Recovery Approach

253

(1)

Chemical Mix System

254

(1)

Produced Fluids Handling

254

(1)

Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring

255

(2)

Miscellaneous Cost Components

257

(1)

Optimized Case

257

(2)

Cost and Economic Analysis

259

(6)

Most Significant Cost Components

259

(2)

Optimum Costs

261

(1)

Other Areas of Sensitivity

261

(2)

Comparison with the Costs for Other Technologies

263

(2)

Performance and Potential Application

265

(8)

Summary of Potential Performance

265

(1)

Site Characteristics Affecting Applicability, Performance, and Cost

266

(1)

Design and Operating Parameters Affecting Performance, Applicability, and Cost

266

(1)

Material Handling Requirements

266

(1)

Regulatory Requirements for Performance and Compliance Criteria

266

(7)

Part IIIA References

273

(2)

Part IIIB Design and Evaluation of a Full-Scale Implementation of the Single-Phase Microemulsion Process

275

(4)

Executive Summary

275

(4)

Introduction

275

(1)

Summary of SPME Field Demonstration

276

(1)

Summary of Engineering Design and Cost Estimate

276

(2)

Summary of Potential Performance and Applicability

278

(1)

Summary of Technology Demonstration

279

(14)

Introduction

279

(1)

Summary of Laboratory Tests and Treatability Studies

279

(1)

Test Site Description

280

(1)

Procedures and Field Implementation

281

(3)

Summary of Results, Mass Balance, and Conclusions

284

(9)

Hydraulic Performance

284

(1)

Produced Fluid Analysis

285

(2)

Multilevel Sampler Data

287

(1)

Soil Boring Data

287

(2)

Partitioning Tracer and Interfacial Tracer Data

289

(1)

Conclusion for the Results of the SPME Field Test

290

(3)

Measurement Procedures

293

(2)

Engineering Design

295

(10)

Base Case

295

(8)

Site Setting

298

(1)

Remedial Objective

298

(1)

Up-front Activities

298

(1)

Chemical System and Injection Sequence

299

(1)

Injection/Recovery Approach

299

(1)

Chemical Mix System

300

(1)

Produced Fluids Handling

300

(1)

Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring

301

(2)

Miscellaneous Cost Components

303

(1)

Optimized Case

303

(2)

Cost and Economic Analysis

305

(8)

Most Significant Cost Components

305

(2)

Optimum Costs

307

(2)

Other Areas of Sensitivity

309

(1)

Comparison with Costs for Other Technologies

309

(4)

Performance and Potential Application

313

(8)

Summary of Potential Performance

313

(1)

Site Characteristics Affecting Performance, Applicability, and Cost

314

(1)

Design and Operating Parameters Affecting Performance, Applicability, and Cost

314

(1)

Materials Handling Requirements

314

(1)

Regulatory Requirements for Performance and Compliance Criteria

314

(7)

Part IIIB References

321

(2)

Appendix 1 Analytical Procedures Used in the Demonstration of the Surfactant/Foam Process for Aquifer Remediation

323

(24)

A1.1 The Potentiometric Titration of Halide Ions

323

(3)

A1.2 The Potentiometric Titration of Total Calcium and Magnesium, and Calcium Only in Solution

326

(3)

A1.3 The Potentiometric Titration of Anionic Detergents

329

(5)

A1.4 DNAPL Analysis

334

(8)

A1.4.1 Analysis of DNAPL in Soil Cores

334

(4)

A1.4.2 Hill DNAPL Composition

338

(1)

A1.4.3 Measurement of DNAPL Constituent Concentration in Solutions

339

(3)

A1.5 Analysis of Tracer Alcohols

342

(5)

Appendix 2 Analytical Procedures Used in the SPME Field Demonstration

347

(16)

A2.1 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Analysis of Alcohols Used as Partitioning Tracers

347

(3)

A2.2 Standard Operating Procedure for Analysis of Pentanol in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions Used with SPME Flushing Technology Demonstration

350

(2)

A2.3 Standard Operating Procedure for Analysis of Surfactant in Aqueous Solutions Used With SPME Flushing Technology Demonstration

352

(3)

References

355

(1)

A2.4 Standard Operating Procedure for Analysis of Analytes with SPME Flushing

355

(3)

A2.5 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Analysis of Target Analytes in Groundwater Samples

358

(5)

Appendix 3 SPME Multilevel Sampler Data

363

(4)

Appendix 4 Surfactant/Foam Scale-Up Drawings

367

(16)

Appendix 5 Surfactant/Foam Scale-Up Mass Balance and Design Spreadsheets

383

(24)

Appendix 6 Surfactant/Foam Scale-Up Cost Estimates

407

(36)

Appendix 7 SPME Scale-Up Drawings

443

(22)

Appendix 8 SPME Scale-Up Drawings Mass Balance and Design Spreadsheets

465

(26)

Appendix 9 SPME Scale-Up Drawings Cost Estimates

491

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NAPL Removal Surfactants, Foams, and Microemulsions

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials