Natural Gas Hydrates in Flow Assurance

, by Sloan, Dendy; Koh, Carolyn; Sum, Amadeu K.; Ballard, Adam L.; Creek, Jefferson

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ISBN: 9781856179454 | 1856179451
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/9/2010

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With millions of kilometres of onshore and offshore oil and gas pipelines in service around the world, pipelines are the life's blood of the world. Notorious for disrupting natural gas production or transmission, the formation of natural gas hydrates can cost a company hundreds of millions and lead to catastrophic equipment breakdowns and safety and health hazards. Written by an international group of experts, Natural gas Hydrates in Flow Assurance provide an expert overview of the practice and theory in natural gas hydrates, with applications primarily in flow assurance. Compact and easy to use, the book provides readers with a wealth of materials which include the key lessons learned in the industry over the last 20 years. Packed with field case studies, the book is designed to provide hands-on training and practice in calculating hydrate phase equilibria and plug dissociation. In addition readers receive executable programs to calculate hydrate thermodynamics.Case studies of hydrates in flow assuranceThe key concepts underlying the practical applicationsAn overview of the state of the art flow assurance industrial developments

List of Figures	p. xiii
Preface	p. xxi
Introduction	p. 1
Why Are Hydrates Important?	p. 1
What Are Hydrates?	p. 2
Hydrate Crystal Structures	p. 2
Four Rules of Thumb Arising from Crystal Structure	p. 4
Chapter Summary Application: Methane Hydrate Formation on an Emulsified Water Droplet	p. 9
References	p. 11
Where and How Are Hydrate Plugs Formed?	p. 13
Where Do Hydrates Form in Offshore Systems?	p. 13
How Do Hydrates Plugs Form? Four Conceptual Pictures	p. 16
Hydrate Blockages in Oil-Dominated Systems	p. 17
Rules of Thumb for Hydrate Formation in Oil-Dominated Systems	p. 18
A Model for Hydrate Formation in Oil-Dominated Flowlines	p. 19
Hydrate Formation in Gas-Condensate Systems	p. 22
Case Study 1: Tommeliten-Gamma Field	p. 22
Case Study 2: Werner-Bolley Field Hydrate Formation	p. 24
Hypothesized Mechanism for Gas-Dominated Systems	p. 26
Hydrate Blockages in Condensate Flowlines	p. 27
High-Water-Cut (Volume) Systems	p. 31
Risk Management in Hydrate Plug Prevention	p. 32
Cold Stabilized Flow	p. 33
Relationship of Chapter to Subsequent Content	p. 35
References	p. 35
Safety in Hydrate Plug Removal	p. 37
Two Safety Case Studies	p. 37
Case Study 1: One-Sided Depressurization	p. 37
The Cause and Effect of Hydrate Projectiles	p. 38
Predicting Plug Projectile Effects	p. 41
Example Calculation	p. 44
The Effect of Multiple Plugs	p. 45
Case Study 2: Heating a Plug	p. 45
Common Circumstances of Plug Formation and Plug Removal Safety	p. 46
Common Circumstances of Plug Formation	p. 46
Plug Removal Safety Recommendations	p. 46
Relationship of Chapter to Subsequent Content	p. 47
References	p. 47
How Hydrate Plugs Are Remediated	p. 49
Introduction	p. 50
Safety Concerns	p. 51
Blockage Identification	p. 52
Determining Cause of Blockage	p. 53
Locating Blockage	p. 54
Determining Blockage Size	p. 55
Blockage Removal Options	p. 56
Pressure	p. 57
Chemical	p. 58
Mechanical	p. 58
Thermal	p. 59
Heated Bundle	p. 60
Electrical Heating	p. 61
Heating Tent	p. 61
Mud or Fluid Circulation	p. 61
External Heat Tracing	p. 62
Guiding Principles for Thermal Remediation	p. 62
Removal Strategies	p. 63
Pipelines/Flowlines Strategy	p. 63
Recommended Order of Consideration	p. 64
Detailed Discussion of Pipelines/Flowlines Strategy	p. 64
Pressure Method	p. 64
Chemical Management	p. 65
Mechanical Method	p. 65
Thermal Method	p. 66
Wells Strategy	p. 66
Recommended Order of Consideration	p. 67
Detailed Discussion of Well Strategy	p. 67
Pressure Method	p. 67
Chemical Method	p. 68
Mechanical Method	p. 68
Thermal Method	p. 68
Risers Strategy	p. 69
Recommended Order of Consideration	p. 69
Detailed Discussion of Riser Strategy	p. 70
Pressure Method	p. 70
Chemical Method	p. 70
Mechanical Method	p. 71
Thermal Method	p. 71
Equipment Strategy	p. 72
Recommended Order of Consideration	p. 72
Detailed Discussion of Remediation Strategy	p. 72
Pressure Method	p. 72
Chemical Method	p. 73
Mechanical Method	p. 73
Thermal Method	p. 74
Case Studies	p. 75
Export Pipeline (BP Pompano)	p. 75
Strategy Employed to Dissociate the Plug	p. 76
Gas Condensate Pipeline (Chevron)	p. 77
Well (Gas Condensate)	p. 78
Equipment (BP Gulf of Mexico)	p. 78
References	p. 81
Appendix	p. 82
Artificial and Natural Inhibition of Hydrates	p. 87
How Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors Function and How They Are Used	p. 88
The Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs)	p. 92
Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors	p. 92
Anti-Agglomerants	p. 95
Naturally Inhibited Oils	p. 97
Viscosity of Suspension	p. 98
Viscosity of Aggregated Suspension	p. 98
Methodology	p. 100
Prediction	p. 101
Conclusion	p. 103
References	p. 103
Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor Performance	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Study 1: Miniloop Flowing KHI Hold Time	p. 106
Study 2: Autoclave Testing Methodology	p. 111
Introduction	p. 112
Miniloop Equivalence Requirements	p. 114
Device Design	p. 116
Test Procedures and Data Interpretation	p. 120
T^eq Tests	p. 120
Hold-Time Tests	p. 128
Autoclave Study Summary	p. 132
Study 3: Correlation of Miniloop, Large Loop, and Rocking Cell Results	p. 132
Study 4-Correlation of Large Loop and Field Results	p. 133
Conclusion	p. 134
References	p. 135
Appendix	p. 136
Industrial Operating Procedures for Hydrate Control	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Deepwater System Design	p. 146
Applications of Chapters 1 through 6	p. 147
Question 1: When and Where Are Hydrates Likely to Form in the Production System?	p. 148
Question 2: What Can I Control in Order to Prevent Hydrates from Forming?	p. 148
Question 3: What Are the Monitoring Points in the System That Will Give Indication of Hydrates?	p. 149
Risk of Hydrate Plugging	p. 150
Signs of Hydrate Plugging	p. 150
Question 4: If a Hydrate Plug Forms in the Production System, How Can It Be Remediated?	p. 151
Inject Chemical	p. 152
Stop Flow	p. 152
Reduce Flow	p. 152
Increase Flow	p. 152
Generation of Operating Procedures for Hydrate Control	p. 153
Detailed Design-Customer: Engineering	p. 153
Operating Guidelines-Customer: Engineering and Operations	p. 153
Operating Procedures-Customer: Operations	p. 154
Operating Procedure Details	p. 155
Who is the Customer?	p. 156
Writing an Operating Procedure	p. 157
Sample Operating Procedure: Cold Well Startup into Cold System	p. 160
Pre-Startup Checklist	p. 161
Restart Guidelines	p. 161
Relationship of Chapter to Others in This Book	p. 162
References	p. 162
Conclusion	p. 163
Chapter 1. Basic Structures and Formation Properties	p. 164
Chapter 2. How Hydrate Plugs Form and Are Prevented	p. 165
Chapter 3. Hydrate Safety during Remediation	p. 166
Chapter 4. Industrial Methods for Hydrate Plug Dissociation	p. 167
Chapter 5. Inhibitor Mechanisms and Naturally Inhibited Oils	p. 167
Chapter 6. Certifying Hydrate Kinetic Inhibitors for Field Performance	p. 169
Chapter 7. Offshore Production Operating Procedures for Hydrate Control	p. 169
Appendix: Six Industrial Hydrate Blockage Examples and Lessons Learned	p. 171
Index	p. 193
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Natural Gas Hydrates in Flow Assurance

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