Natural Gas Measurement Handbook

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ISBN: 9781933762005 | 1933762004
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/15/2006

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Natural gas is becoming an increasingly important component of our world's energy supply as more and more countries turn to natural gas as one of their main sources of energy. Along with its companion, 'The Natural Gas Engineering Handbook', these books form the basic library for any engineer working with natural gas today.

List of Tables

List of Figures

xiii

Preface

xix

Symbols

xxi

Unit Conversions

xxvii

1 Introduction

(18)

1.1 Transportation System

(7)

1.2 Measurement

(3)

1.3 Fluid Classification, Commercial

(2)

1.4 Material Quality

(1)

1.5 Risk Management

(4)

2 Composition and Quality

(20)

2.1 Assay

(2)

2.2 Quality Parameters and Tolerances

(4)

2.3 Potential Impacts of Gas Quality

(3)

2.4 Typical Streams

(10)

3 Physical Properties and Process Conditions

(40)

3.1 Natural Gas

(3)

3.2 Fluid Classification: Technical

(1)

3.3 Phase Envelope

(4)

3.4 Fluid Properties

(7)

3.5 Process (or Operating) Conditions

(11)

3.6 Typical Natural Gas Physical Properties

(14)

4 Measurement Concepts

(32)

4.1 Applicable Fluids

(1)

4.2 Base Conditions

(1)

4.3 Flowmeters (or Primary Devices)

(1)

4.4 Flowmeter Calibration Concepts

(6)

4.5 Law of Similarity

(4)

4.6 Single-Phase Fluid Flow in Pipes

(10)

4.7 Multiphase Fluid Flow in Pipes

102

(5)

4.8 Secondary Devices

107

(1)

4.9 Tertiary Device

108

(1)

4.10 Uncertainty

108

(2)

4.11 Total Cost of Measurement

110

(1)

5 Orifice Flowmeter

111

(24)

5.1 General Principles

111

(4)

5.2 Mass Flow Equation

115

(6)

5.3 Artifact Calibration

121

(4)

5.4 Uncertainty Roadmap

125

(4)

5.5 Sources of Error

129

(1)

5.6 Risk Management

129

(6)

6 Ultrasonic Flowmeter

135

(28)

6.1 General Principles

135

(4)

6.2 Mass Flow Equation

139

(2)

6.3 Central Facility Calibration

141

(1)

6.4 In Situ Calibration

142

(1)

6.5 Uncertainty Roadmap

143

(5)

6.6 Sources of Error

148

(10)

6.7 Risk Management

158

(5)

7 Turbine Flowmeter

163

(14)

7.1 General Principles

163

(3)

7.2 Mass Flow Equation

166

(1)

7.3 Central Facility Calibration

166

(1)

7.4 In Situ Calibration

167

(1)

7.5 Uncertainty Roadmap

168

(5)

7.6 Sources of Error

173

(1)

7.7 Risk Management

174

(3)

8 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter

177

(14)

8.1 General Principles

177

(3)

8.2 Mass Flow Equation

180

(1)

8.3 Central Facility Calibration

181

(1)

8.4 In Situ Calibration

182

(1)

8.5 Uncertainty Roadmap

183

(4)

8.6 Sources of Error

187

(1)

8.7 Risk Management

188

(3)

9 Calculations

191

(44)

9.1 Base Conditions

191

(1)

9.2 Physical Properties

192

(10)

9.3 Natural Gas Density

202

(7)

9.4 GPA 2172 versus A.G.A.8

209

(5)

9.5 Mass Flow Rate in Pipes

214

(1)

9.6 Mass Flow Rate for Orifice Flowmeter

215

(7)

9.7 Mass Flow Rate for Ultrasonic Flowmeter

222

(5)

9.8 Mass Flow Rate for Turbine Flowmeter

227

(3)

9.9 Mass Flow Rate for Rotary Displacement Flowmeter

230

(1)

9.10 Volumetric Flow Rate at Base Conditions

231

(1)

9.11 Energy Flow Rate at Base Conditions

231

(2)

9.12 Quantities

233

(2)

10 Secondary and Tertiary Devices

235

(44)

10.1 General

236

(12)

10.2 Differential Pressure (dP)

248

(3)

10.3 Static Pressure

251

(2)

10.4 Temperature

253

(2)

10.5 Multivariable Transmitter

255

(2)

10.6 Online Densitometer

257

(2)

10.7 Moisture Analyzer

259

(4)

10.8 Online Gas Chromatograph

263

(5)

10.9 Other Analyzers

268

(1)

10.10 Flow Computers

269

(1)

10.11 Gas Sampling Systems

270

(9)

11 Electronic Gas Measurement

279

(20)

11.1 Description of an Electronic Gas Measurement System

279

(1)

11.2 System Accuracy

280

(1)

11.3 Definitions

281

(1)

11.4 Sampling Flow Variables

282

(1)

11.5 Low Flow Detection

282

(1)

11.6 Averaging Techniques

282

(1)

11.7 Compressibility, Density, and Heating Values

282

(1)

11.8 Hourly and Daily Quantity Calculations

283

(1)

11.9 Data Availability

283

(3)

11.10 Audit and Reporting Requirements

286

(8)

11.11 Equipment Verification, Calibration, and Certification

294

(2)

11.12 Security

296

(3)

12 Uncertainty

299

(20)

12.1 Uncertainty Terms

301

(2)

12.2 Measurement Uncertainty

303

(4)

12.3 Examples of Flowmeter Uncertainties

307

(5)

12.4 Statistical Weighting

312

(7)

13 Measurement System Design

319

(34)

13.1 Targeted Uncertainty

319

(1)

13.2 Fluid Physical Properties

320

(1)

13.3 Operating Design Data

320

(1)

13.4 Other Process Conditions

321

(1)

13.5 General Equipment Redundancy

322

(2)

13.6 Site Requirements

324

(1)

13.7 Structures

325

(1)

13.8 Piping Requirements

326

(3)

13.9 Pressure Regulation and Control

329

(1)

13.10 Flare and Vent Facilities

330

(1)

13.11 Overpressure Protection

330

(1)

13.12 Thermal Relief Valves

331

(1)

13.13 Headers

331

(1)

13.14 Strainers

332

(1)

13.15 DB&B Valves

333

(1)

13.16 Check Valves

334

(1)

13.17 Pulsation Control

334

(1)

13.18 Primary Device

334

(1)

13.19 Secondary Devices

335

(9)

13.20 Tertiary Device (Flow Computer)

344

(1)

13.21 Control Valves

345

(1)

13.22 Wiring and Grounding

345

(2)

13.23 Measurement Control Panel

347

(1)

13.24 Power Supplies

347

(1)

13.25 Satellite Panels

348

(1)

13.26 Supervisory Control and Leak Detection

348

(1)

13.27 Security

349

(1)

13.28 Factory Acceptance Testing

350

(1)

13.29 Dewatering, Cleaning, and Drying

350

(1)

13.30 Commissioning

351

(2)

14 Orifice Flowmeter Design

353

(8)

14.1 General

353

(1)

14.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation

354

(1)

14.3 Strainers

355

(1)

14.4 Flowmeter Assembly

355

(3)

14.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical

358

(1)

14.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical

358

(1)

14.7 Secondary and Tertiary Devices

358

(3)

15 Ultrasonic Flowmeter Design

361

(10)

15.1 General

361

(2)

15.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation

363

(1)

15.3 Acoustic Filter

363

(1)

15.4 Flowmeter Assembly

363

(3)

15.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical

366

(1)

15.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical

367

(1)

15.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software

367

(2)

15.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices

369

(2)

16 Turbine Flowmeter Design

371

(8)

16.1 General

371

(1)

16.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation

372

(1)

16.3 Strainer and Lubrication

373

(1)

16.4 Flowmeter Assembly

373

(2)

16.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical

375

(1)

16.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical

375

(1)

16.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software

376

(1)

16.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices

377

(2)

17 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter Design

379

(8)

17.1 General

379

(1)

17.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation

380

(1)

17.3 Filtration and Lubrication

381

(1)

17.4 Flowmeter Assembly

381

(1)

17.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical

382

(1)

17.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical

382

(1)

17.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software

383

(1)

17.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices

384

(3)

18 Inspection, Testing, Verification, Calibration, and Certification

387

(20)

18.1 Inspection

389

(1)

18.2 Testing

389

(1)

18.3 Verification

390

(1)

18.4 Calibration

391

(1)

18.5 Certification

392

(1)

18.6 Equipment

392

(3)

18.7 Equipment Information

395

(11)

18.8 Records

406

(1)

Appendix: Standards, Publications, and Regulations

407

(14)

A.1 Mechanical Standards and Publications

408

(1)

A.2 Electrical Standards and Publications

409

(1)

A.3 Measurement Standards and Publications

410

(8)

A.4 U.S. Government Regulations

418

(3)

Glossary

421

(32)

Index

453

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Natural Gas Measurement Handbook

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials