Natural Ventilation of Buildings Theory, Measurement and Design

David Etheridge, School of The Built Environment, University of Nottingham, UK
David Etheridge is an Associate Professor within the Institute of Building Technology, School of The Built Environment at Nottingham University. David has published many papers on ventilation research and design. He is the co-author of a comprehensive reference book on ventilation, Building Ventilation: Theory & Measurement, 1996. More recently he made a major contribution to the CIBSE design guide Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings (AM10:2005). He has received several awards for his work, namely the MacRobert Award from the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Prince of Wales Award for Innovation, the Gold Medal of the Institution of Gas Engineers and the CIBSE Silver Medal.

1.1 Aims and scope of the book.

1.2 Natural ventilation in context.

2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of natural ventilation.

1.3 Overview of design.

1.4 Notes on references.

Chapter 2. PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN NATURAL VENTILATION.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 The effect of gravity on ventilation flows.

2.3 Types of flow encountered in ventilation.

2.4 Fluid mechanics – other important concepts and equations.

2.5 Steady and unsteady ventilation.

2.6 Flow through a sudden expansion.

2.7 Dimensional analysis.

2.8 Heat transfer between air and envelope.

2.9 Definitions relating to ventilation rate.

2.10 Errors and uncertainties.

2.11 Mathematical models.

2.12 Boundary conditions.

Bibliography.

References.

Chapter 3. STEADY FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF OPENINGS.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Classification of openings.

3.3 Still-air discharge coefficient.

3.4 Installation effects on C_d.

3.5 Openings in combination.

3.6 Determination of C_d.

3.7 Uncertainties in design calculations.

3.8 Other definitions of discharge coefficient.

3.9 Large (and very large) openings.

3.10 Relevance to design.

References.

CHAPTER 4. STEADY ENVELOPE FLOW MODELS.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Basic theory

4.3 Single- and multi-cell models.

4.4 Simple analytic solutions.

4.5 Non-uniform density.

4.6 Turbulent diffusion.

4.7 Large openings.

4.8 Adventitious openings.

4.9 Explicit method of solution.

4.10 Uncertainties in envelope flow models.

4.11 Combined envelope and thermal models.

4.12 Models for very large openings.

4.13 Relevance to design.

References.

CHAPTER 5. UNSTEADY ENVELOPE FLOW MODELS.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Flow equation.

5.3 Pressure difference across openings.

5.4 Mass conservation equation.

5.5 Envelope flow models.

5.6 Comparisons with measurement.

5.7 Mean flow rates.

5.8 Instantaneous flow rates.

5.9 Unsteady flow models in design.

5.10 Relevance to design.

References.

Chapter 6. INTERNAL AIR MOTION, ZONAL MODELS AND STRATIFICATION.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Governing equations.

6.3 Primary and secondary flows.

6.4 Zonal models.

6.5 Coarse-grid CFD.

6.6 Integrated zonal and envelope models.

6.7 Stratification.

6.8 Relevance to design

References.

Chapter 7. CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Concentration at a point.

7.3 Conservation equations for bounded spaces, envelope models.

7.4 Conservation equations for large unbounded volumes as used in zonal models.

7.5 Analytic relations for concentration at a point.

7.6 Analytic relations for uniform concentration.

7.7 Analytic relations for non-uniform concentration.

7.8 Calculations with CFD, coarse-grid CFD and zonal models.

7.9 Definitions relating to contaminant removal.

7.10 Relevance to design.

References.

Chapter 8. AGE OF AIR AND VENTILATION EFFICIENCY.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Theoretical modelling of age properties at a point.

8.3 Zonal models.

8.4 Ventilation efficiency.

8.5 Analytic relationships.

8.6 Experimental determination of age (using a tracer).

8.7 Unsteady age distributions.

8.8 Relevance to design.

References.

CHAPTER 9. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Basics of CFD.

9.3 Important modelling issues.

9.4 Calculation of external wind flow.

9.5 Calculation of internal flows

9.6 Whole-field calculations.

9.7 Other applications.

9.8 Relevance to design.

References.

Chapter 10. SCALE MODELLING.

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Requirements for similarity.

10.3 Wind alone.

10.4 Buoyancy alone.

10.5 Wind and buoyancy combined.

10.6 Use of water as the modelling fluid.

10.7 Relevance to design.

References.

Chapter 11. FULL-SCALE MEASUREMENTS.

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Laboratory measurements of C_d and effective area.

11.3 Measurement of adventitious leakage using steady pressurisation.

11.4 Unsteady techniques for measurement of low-pressure leakage.

11.5 Field measurements of ventilation rates.

11.6 Other measurements.

11.7 Relevance to design.

References.

Chapter 12. DESIGN PROCEDURES.

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Feasibility of natural ventilation (Stage 1).

12.3 Ventilation strategies (Stage 2).

12.4 Envelope design (Stage 3).

12.5 Internal environment (Stage 4).

12.6 Data specification.

12.7 Low-energy cooling systems.

12.8 Control systems.

12.9 Commissioning (Stage 5).

12.10 Concluding remarks.

References.

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