Neuronal Growth Cones

In Neuronal Growth Cones, Phillip Gordon-Weeks explores the molecular biology of the behavior of growth cones, conical-like endings of the growing axon. He covers the basic morphology and behavior of growth cones, motility and neurite extension via the growth cone cytoskeleton, pathfinding, intracellular signaling, and synaptogenesis. A detailed, critical analysis of all aspects of growth cone biology, this incisive reference is an essential work for advanced graduate students, postgraduates, and researchers in cellular and molecular neuroscience, developmental biology, and anatomy.

Preface

xi

Abbreviations

xii

Introduction

1

(29)

What are growth cones?

1

(2)

Growth cone morphology and behaviour

3

(27)

Appearance and behaviour under the light microscope

4

(8)

Methodological advances

12

(3)

Factors influencing growth cone shape

15

(2)

Decision regions

17

(2)

Fasciculation

19

(1)

Developmental age and type of substratum

19

(1)

Growth cone collapse/contact inhibition

20

(1)

Leader (pioneer) and follower growth cones

21

(1)

Appearance under the electron microscope: organelles of the growth cone

21

(1)

Membrane-bounded organelles

22

(4)

Cytoskeletal elements

26

(1)

Axonal versus dendritic growth cones

27

(3)

Motility and Neurite Extension: The Growth Cone Cytoskeleton

30

(45)

Introduction

30

(1)

Organisation of the growth cone cytoskeleton

31

(1)

Microtubules

31

(21)

Microtubule organisation in neurites and growth cones

32

(1)

Neurite extension and microtubule dynamics

33

(6)

Location of microtubule assembly

39

(1)

Direct visualisation of microtubule dynamics

40

(2)

Post-translational modifications of tubulin

42

(2)

Assembly competent tubulin in growth cones

44

(1)

A model for the organisation of microtubules in neurites and growth cones

45

(1)

A role for microtubules in growth cone pathfinding

46

(3)

Microtubule-associated proteins

49

(3)

Microfilaments

52

(18)

Microfilament organisation in neurites and growth cones

53

(6)

Growth cone motility and actin filament dynamics

59

(5)

Do growth cones 'push' or 'pull'?

64

(1)

Differential adhesivity and growth cone pathfinding

65

(3)

Actin binding proteins

68

(2)

Neurofilaments

70

(1)

Neurite extension and surface membrane growth

71

(4)

Membrane recycling in growth cones

74

(1)

Pathfinding

75

(62)

Introduction

75

(12)

Decision regions and pathfinding

76

(2)

Suitable animals and appropriate techniques

78

(1)

Pathfinding is a property of growth cones

79

(1)

Guidance cues

80

(1)

Pioneers

81

(5)

How can guidance cues be identified?

86

(1)

Channels and tunnels

87

(1)

Electric fields

88

(2)

Extracellular matrix molecules

90

(13)

Laminins

93

(3)

Laminin receptors: integrins

96

(4)

Tenascins

100

(2)

Proteoglycans

102

(1)

Do extracellular matrix molecules have permissive or instructive roles in pathfinding?

102

(1)

Cell surface molecules

103

(20)

Neural cell adhesion molecule and the immunoglobulin superfamily

104

(5)

The labelled pathways hypothesis

109

(1)

Molecules mediating growth cone-cell surface interactions in invertebrates

110

(1)

Fasciclins

111

(1)

Cadherins

112

(2)

Growth cone collapse and retraction

114

(2)

Collapsing factors

116

(1)

Collapsins/semaphorins

116

(3)

Collapsin/semaphorin receptors

119

(1)

Eph receptors and their ligands (ephrins)

120

(3)

Chemotropic (diffusible) factors

123

(13)

Nerve growth factor

124

(2)

Can growth cones detect chemical gradients and with what steepness?

126

(1)

Demonstration of chemotropic factors in vitro

126

(4)

Molecular characterisation of chemotropic factors

130

(1)

Netrins and their receptors

130

(6)

Summary

136

(1)

Intracellular Signalling in Growth Cones

137

(23)

Introduction

137

(2)

Calcium

139

(12)

Calcium is implicated in neurite growth

139

(2)

The calcium 'set-point' hypothesis

141

(1)

Calcium regulation in growth cones

141

(2)

Do changes in growth cone calcium regulate pathfinding events?

143

(1)

Physiological agents affecting growth cone calcium levels

144

(5)

Down-stream targets for calcium in growth cones

149

(1)

Growth cone calcium concentration and the cytoskeleton

150

(1)

Growth-associated protein 43

151

(4)

Widespread expression of GAP-43 in the developing nervous system

151

(1)

GAP-43 is a calmodulin and actin-binding phosphoprotein

152

(1)

GAP-43 regulates phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase and G protein activity

153

(1)

GAP-43 function

154

(1)

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatases

155

(2)

Heterotrimeric G proteins, small GTP-binding proteins and GTPases

157

(3)

Rho subgroup of the Ras superfamily

158

(2)

Synaptogenesis

160

(14)

Introduction

160

(1)

Morphological differentiation of synapses

161

(2)

Acquisition of synaptic properties by growth cones

163

(3)

Neurotransmitter release from growth cones

163

(2)

Neurotransmitter storage in growth cones

165

(1)

Neurotransmitter receptors

165

(1)

Molecular mechanisms underlying synaptogenesis at the neuromuscular junction

166

(8)

Motoneuron growth cones release factors that induce synaptogenesis

170

(1)

Agrin induces neurotransmitter receptor aggregation at the synapse

171

(1)

MuSK and rapsyn

172

(2)

References

174

(81)

Index

255

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Neuronal Growth Cones

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials