Neuronal Processing of Optic Flow

When we walk, drive a car, or fly an airplane, visual motion is used to control and guide our movement. Optic flow describes the characteristic pattern of visual motion that arises in these situations. This book is the first to take an in-depth look at the neuronal processing strategies that underlie the brain's ability to analyze and use optic flow for the control of self-motion. It does so in a variety of species which use optic flow in different behavioral contexts. The spectrum ranges from flying insects to birds, higher mammals and man. The contributions cover physiological and behavioral studies as well as computational models. Neuronal Processing of Optic Flow provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the current state of research on this topic written by a group of authors who have made essential contributions to shaping this field of research over the last ten years.

Contributors

ix

Foreword

xi

Preface

xv

PART I PERCEPTION

Human Ego-Motion Perception

A. V. van den Berg

Introduction

3

(1)

Retinal Flow and Optic Flow

4

(2)

Basic Properties of Heading Perception

6

(1)

The Rotation Problem

7

(4)

Special Visual Strategies to Solve the Rotation Problem

11

(2)

Circular Heading and Curved Motion Path Percept

13

(3)

Heading Perception and the Pattern of Flow

16

(2)

Temporal Properties of Heading Perception

18

(2)

Heading Perception and Moving Objects

20

(1)

The Reciprocal Relation between Optic Flow and Ego-Motion

21

(8)

References

22

(7)

PART II EYE MOVEMENTS

Optic Flow and Eye Movements

Markus Lappe

Klaus-Peter Hoffmann

Introduction

29

(1)

Gaze during Self-Motion

30

(2)

Ocular Reflexes during Self-Motion

32

(3)

Optic Flow Induced Eye Movements

35

(7)

Implications of Eye Movements for Optic Flow Processing

42

(3)

Conclusion

45

(6)

References

46

(5)

The Role of MST Neurons during Ocular Tracking in 3D Space

Kenji Kawano

Yuka Inoue

Aya Takemura

Yasushi Kodaka

Frederick A. Miles

Neuronal Activity in MST during Short-Latency Ocular Following

51

(6)

Neuronal Activity in MST during Short-Latency Vergence

57

(4)

Role of MST Neurons during Ocular Tracking in 3D Space

61

(1)

Tracking Objects Moving in 3D Space

61

(6)

References

62

(5)

PART III ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY

Visual Navigation in Flying Insects

Mandyam V. Srinivasan

Shao-Wu Zhang

Introduction

67

(1)

Peering Insects

68

(1)

Flying Insects

69

(19)

Concluding Remarks

88

(5)

References

89

(4)

Neuronal Matched Filters for Optic Flow Processing in Flying Insects

Holger G. Krapp

Introduction

93

(1)

Visually Guided Behavior and Optic Flow Processing in Flying Insects

94

(3)

How to Gain Self-Motion Information from Optic Flow

97

(2)

The Fly Visual System

99

(2)

Mapping the Local Response Properties of Tangential Neurons

101

(7)

Response Fields and Matched Filters for Optic Flow Processing

108

(3)

Conclusion

111

(10)

References

115

(6)

A Common Frame of Reference for the Analysis of Optic Flow and Vestibular Information

Barrie J. Frost

Douglas R.W. Wylie

Object Motion versus Self-Motion

121

(1)

The Accessory Optic System

122

(14)

Conclusion

136

(5)

References

137

(4)

Optic Flow and the Visual Guidance of Locomotion in the Cat

Helen Sherk

Garth A. Fowler

Introduction

141

(1)

Uses of Vision during Locomotion

142

(5)

Gaze during Visually Guided Locomotion

147

(3)

Neural Mechanisms for Analyzing Optic Flow Information

150

(16)

Conclusion

166

(7)

References

167

(6)

PART IV CORTICAL MECHANISMS

Stages of Self-Motion Processing in Primate Posterior Parietal Cortex

Frank Bremmer

Jean-Rene Duhamel

Suliann Ben Hamed

Werner Graf

Motion-Sensitive Areas in the Macaque Visual Cortical System

173

(18)

Cortical Vestibular Areas

191

(1)

Human Brain Areas Involved in the Processing of Self-Motion Information

192

(1)

Conclusion

192

(7)

References

193

(6)

Optic Flow Analysis for Self-Movement Perception

Charles J. Duffy

Introduction

199

(1)

MST Sensitivity to Heading Direction

200

(4)

MST Sensitivity to the Structure of the Environment

204

(3)

MST Responses to Real Translational Self-Movement

207

(3)

Interactions between Optic Flow and Translational Self-Movement

210

(3)

MST's Role in Self-Movement Perception

213

(1)

A Distributed Network for Self-Movement Perception

214

(5)

References

216

(3)

Neural Mechanisms for Self-Motion Perception in Area MST

Richard A. Andersen

Krishna V. Shenoy

James A. Crowell

David C. Bradley

Area MST---Optic Flow Selectivity

219

(4)

Area MST---Shifting Receptive Fields

223

(7)

Conclusion

230

(5)

References

231

(4)

Computational Mechanisms for Optic Flow Analysis in Primate Cortex

Markus Lappe

Introduction

235

(1)

Foundations and Goals of Modeling

236

(1)

Models of Optic Flow Processing in Primates

237

(5)

Comparisons with Physiology: Optic Flow Representation in Area MT

242

(3)

Comparisons with Physiology: Optic Flow Selectivity in Area MST

245

(8)

Receptive Fields of Optic Flow Processing Neurons

253

(2)

The Population Heading Map

255

(9)

Conclusion

264

(5)

References

264

(5)

Human Cortical Areas Underlying the Perception of Optic Flow: Brain Imaging Studies

Mark W. Greenlee

Introduction

269

(5)

New Techniques in Brain Imaging

274

(13)

Summary

287

(6)

References

288

(5)

What Neurological Patients Tell Us about the Use of Optic Flow

Lucia M. Vaina

Simon K. Rushton

Introduction

293

(1)

Functional Architecture of Motion for Navigation

293

(2)

Why Study Motion-Impaired Neurological Patients?

295

(2)

The Radial Flow Field

297

(3)

Impairment of Locomotion and Recovery of Locomotor Function

300

(2)

Heading Perception in the Presence of Objects

302

(7)

Conclusion

309

(6)

References

309

(6)

Index

315

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Neuronal Processing of Optic Flow

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