A New History of Ireland, Volume I Prehistoric and Early Ireland

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ISBN: 9780198217374 | 0198217374
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Copyright: 4/28/2005

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In this first volume of the Royal Irish Academy's multi-volume A New History of Ireland a wide range of national and international scholars, in every field of study, have produced studies of the archaeology, art, culture, geography, geology, history, language, law, literature, music, and related topics that include surveys of all previous scholarship combined with the latest research findings, to offer readers the first truly comprehensive and authoritative account of Irish history from the dawn of time down to the coming of the Normans in 1169. Included in the volume is a comprehensive bibliography of all the themes discussed in the narrative, together with copious illustrations and maps, and a thorough index.

Preface

Contributors

xxviii

Maps

xxxi

Plates

xxxii

Line Drawings and Text Figures

Abbreviations and Conventions

xliv

Introduction: Prehistoric and Early Ireland

lvii

T. M. Charles-Edwards

The Geographical Element in Irish History

(31)

J. H. Andrews

The maritime boundary: insularity

(2)

Size

(1)

Climate and agriculture

(1)

Settlement patterns

(2)

Centralisation

(1)

Regions: provinces

(1)

The central lowland

(2)

Eastern Ireland

(4)

Settlement and altitude

(2)

The Pale

(1)

The south-east/ north-west divide

(2)

Ulster; the link with Scotland

(4)

The effects of plantation

(1)

Topography and religion

(1)

Munster; access by sea

(6)

Dairying, settlement, and disturbance

(3)

The west: a `native enclosure'

(4)

Regional poverty

(2)

Congestion; language

(1)

Insularity and nationality

(1)

The Physical Environment

(17)

J. P. Haughton

Location, dimension, and environments

(2)

Relief

(1)

Effects of glaciation

(4)

Regional divisions

(1)

Caledonian uplands: Donegal and Connacht

(1)

Caledonian hills and lowlands: the east

(2)

Hercynian ranges: the south

(2)

North-eastern basalt

(1)

Central lowlands

(3)

The drumlin belt

(1)

Ireland Before 3000 B.C.

(20)

M. J. O'Kelly

The quaternary era: glaciation

(2)

The great interglacial; subsequent glaciations

(3)

Late glacial time, 13,54--8500 B.C.

(1)

Post-glacial time

(1)

Land connections: plants, animals, and man in Ireland

(1)

Toome Bay

(2)

`Larnian' culture

(6)

Mesolithic settlement: Mount Sandel

(4)

Lough Boora

(1)

Other sites

(2)

Neolithic Ireland

(29)

M. J. O'Kelly

Agriculture and houses

(1)

Axe factories

(2)

Introduction of agriculture

(1)

The settlement at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick

(5)

Court tombs

(2)

Portal tombs: Meath; Sligo

(4)

Passage-tombs

(2)

Wedge-tombs

(3)

Tomb-building and neolithic society

(4)

Standing stones and alignments

(1)

`Passage-tomb art'

(3)

`Rock art'

(2)

Bronze-Age Ireland

(36)

M. J. O'Kelly

Beaker ware

(3)

Weapons and tools: the Newgrange settlement

101

(1)

Beaker burials: the Grange stone circle

102

(2)

Food vessels: cremations; cairns

104

(2)

Urns and urn burials

106

(4)

Stone circles

110

(2)

Late bronze-age burial sites

112

(4)

Ballinderry, Co. Offaly; crannogs

114

(2)

Metal-working: innovations c. 1200 B.C.

116

(1)

Mining; furnaces

117

(2)

Tin and trade

119

(1)

Casting

119

(2)

Axes

121

(2)

Halberds and daggers

123

(3)

Rapiers, razors, spears

126

(1)

Gold objects

127

(2)

The later bronze age, 1200--200 B.C.; Ireland's `first golden age'

129

(5)

Iron-Age Ireland

134

(48)

Barry Raftery

The spread of iron in Europe

134

(1)

Irish metal-working

135

(1)

The introduction of iron-working to Ireland

136

(2)

The end of the bronze age

138

(1)

The rise of La Tene culture: the Celts

139

(1)

La Tene comes to Ireland, c.300 B.C.

140

(6)

Lisnacrogher, Co. Antrim

141

(4)

Continental origin? La Tene as a strand in the Irish iron age

145

(1)

Weapons; chariots

146

(2)

Dress-fasteners; personal ornaments

148

(3)

The Broighter hoard

151

(1)

Querns; food production

152

(1)

Animal husbandry

153

(1)

House-types; material culture

154

(2)

Bronze trumpets

156

(1)

Metal-working; enamel

157

(1)

`Lough Crew' decoration; decorated stones

158

(3)

Ringforts

161

(1)

Hillforts

162

(1)

Promontory forts

163

(1)

Limits of knowledge

164

(2)

The `royal sites': Tara, Navan Fort, Dun Ailinne

166

(3)

Trackways and linear earthworks

169

(2)

Burials: ringbarrow sites

171

(2)

Age at death

173

(1)

Contact with Roman Europe: refugees and merchants

174

(2)

A military expedition?

176

(1)

Roman finds in Ireland

177

(3)

An unravelled tapestry

180

(2)

Ireland, 400--800

182

(53)

Daibhi O Croinin

`The foolish Irish race, forgetful of its history...'

182

(1)

The success of synthetic history

183

(3)

Origin legends

186

(1)

The pentarchy

187

(1)

Leinster: the Dal Messin Corb; the Ui Garrchon

188

(13)

The Ui Dunlainge and Ui Cennselaig

190

(1)

Mac Cairthinn; the Ui Failgi

191

(2)

The Ui Bairrche

193

(2)

Timna Cathair Mair

195

(2)

The seventh century

197

(3)

Ui Dunlainge monopoly of the kingship, 738--1042

200

(1)

Dominance of the Ui Neill

201

(1)

Ui Neill origins

202

(5)

Loeguire; Coirpre; Muirchertach Mac Ercae

205

(2)

Midland kingdoms of the southern Ui Neill

207

(3)

The Clann Cholmain Mair and Sil nAedo Slaine

208

(2)

Ui Neill hegemony in the northern half of Ireland

210

(2)

Ulster: the survival of Ulaid power

212

(9)

Dal Fiatach; Dal nAraidi

213

(2)

Baetan mac Cairill

215

(3)

Battle of Mag Roth (637): the end of Ulaid hopes of recovery

218

(2)

Buffer kingdoms; the contraction of Ulster

220

(1)

Munster: the Eoganachta

221

(6)

Imblech Ibair; the Muscraige

222

(2)

West Munster: the Eoganachta Locha Lein

224

(2)

Munster self-assurance and Ui Neill ambition

226

(1)

Connacht: lack of a strong tradition of over-kingship

227

(8)

North Connacht: the Ui Fiachrach

228

(1)

The Ui Neill and Connacht

229

(1)

The Ui Briuin

230

(1)

The Calraige; the Ui Maine

231

(2)

Consolidation of Ui Briuin power

233

(2)

The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland, c.400--1169: Settlement and Economy

235

(66)

Nancy Edwards

The extent and role of archaeological evidence

235

(1)

The archaeological study of early medieval Ireland since the 1830s

236

(2)

Excavation

237

(1)

Radiocarbon dating; dendrochronology; air photography

237

(1)

An expanding database

238

(1)

Settlement: regional variation, land, building materials

238

(1)

Ringforts: raths

238

(11)

Cashels

242

(3)

Purpose and construction

245

(1)

Internal structures

245

(3)

Houses associated with cashels

248

(1)

Rectangular houses

249

(1)

Souterrains

249

(3)

Buildings inside ringforts; external enclosures

252

(2)

Promontory forts

254

(1)

Crannogs: distribution; construction; access

255

(5)

Buildings in crannogs

258

(1)

Functions and context

259

(1)

Other settlement sites; stone houses

260

(1)

Wooden houses

261

(1)

Settlements in the landscape

261

(2)

Archaeology and farming

263

(2)

Livestock and other domestic animals

265

(2)

Tillage: cereals

267

(6)

Ploughing

268

(1)

Reaping, winnowing, and storage

269

(1)

Watermills and querns

270

(2)

Other cultivated plants

272

(1)

Hunting, fishing, and gathering

273

(2)

The archaeological picture of early farming

275

(1)

Crafts: wood; tools and utensils

276

(14)

Stone and related materials

278

(1)

Products from animals and plants

279

(2)

Textiles

281

(2)

Metalworking

283

(4)

Glass and enamel

287

(1)

Pottery

288

(2)

Exchange and trade

290

(6)

Wealth

292

(3)

The viking impact

295

(1)

The chronological framework

296

(5)

The Church in Irish Society, 400--800

301

(30)

Kathleen Hughes

The influence of romanised Gaul

301

(2)

Palladius, Auxerre, and southern Ireland

302

(1)

The influence of Roman Britain

303

(3)

Pelagian controversy; Patrick and the north

305

(1)

The evidence of annals and genealogies for the arrival of Christianity

306

(2)

The early church: Patrick's writings

308

(2)

The pre-monastic church outside secular society

309

(1)

The first phase, c. 400--500

310

(1)

The coming of monasticism

311

(2)

Role of the abbot; organisation; the paruchia

312

(1)

Endowment of bishoprics and monasteries

313

(1)

Manaig

313

(1)

Literary evidence

314

(1)

The position c.700: adjustment to the secular law

315

(4)

Monastic towns; changes in the position of abbots

316

(1)

Monastic war and internal contention; Armagh

317

(2)

Revival of asceticism: the celi De; prayer and learning

319

(1)

A healthy and accepted church, c.800

320

(1)

Spirituality: the evangelism of Patrick

321

(4)

The pilgrim life abroad; Columbanus

322

(1)

Spiritual exercise; prayer; penance

323

(2)

The Easter controversy

325

(1)

An archaic church; Latin

326

(5)

Biblical commentary

327

(2)

Literature: adapted importations; apocrypha and invention

329

(2)

Early Irish Law

331

(40)

T. M. Charles-Edwards

Written sources as evidence; texts and commentaries

331

(1)

Legislation

332

(2)

The cain: clerical law and royal edict

334

(3)

Chance survival of documents

337

(1)

The tract-compilation `Senchas Mar'

337

(5)

Contents

338

(1)

Subject-matter

339

(2)

The legal shape of society: law and Irish life

341

(1)

Courts and authority

342

(1)

Dating the Senchas Mar. Thurneysen's case

342

(7)

Style as a criterion

344

(1)

The `Bretha Nemed'

345

(3)

Binchy's view: modest beginnings before general acceptance

348

(1)

Legal schools

349

(1)

Learned professions; druid, fili, and brithem

350

(2)

Legal tradition and the Christian church

352

(13)

Written law: the influence of Latin

356

(1)

Clientship: the `jubilee' and the influence of Mosaic law

357

(4)

Iudex and brithem

361

(1)

The `Corpus iuris Hibernensis'

362

(3)

Distinction and overlap

365

(1)

Rights, obligations, and legal tools

366

(2)

Law as a historical source

368

(1)

The brief era of written law

369

(2)

Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169

371

(34)

Daibhi O Croinin

Christianity and the introduction of Latin

371

(1)

The first phase: Patrick and Palladius

372

(1)

The second phase: predominant monastic influence

373

(3)

Columbanus

374

(2)

Elementary instruction in Latin

376

(1)

The comprehensiveness of Irish learning in Latin

377

(1)

The south midlands group: Cummian, Laidcend, Beccan

378

(3)

Hiberni and Romani

381

(1)

Bernhard Bischoff and Irish exegesis

382

(1)

Foreign visitors to Irish schools; the `Hisperica Famina'

383

(1)

Hagiography: Cogitosus, Tirechan, Adomnan

384

(3)

Seventh-century exegesis, computus, and grammar

387

(3)

Virgilius Maro grammaticus

388

(2)

The influence of Isidore of Seville; other works from Spain

390

(1)

The flowering of verse composition

391

(1)

The `Collectio canonum Hibernensis'; Cu Chuimne

391

(2)

Colman, Cellanus, and others

392

(1)

Biblical commentary; the Reference Bible

393

(1)

Irish scholars and their reputations abroad

394

(9)

Sedulius

397

(2)

Eriugena

399

(2)

Israel; Marianus

401

(2)

The twelfth century: end of the golden age of Hiberno-Latin

403

(2)

`What Was Best of Every Language': The Early History of the Irish Language

405

(46)

Paul Russell

Irish, the `selected language'

405

(2)

The naming of the language

407

(1)

Geographical spread; input from other languages

408

(2)

Early evidence: Ptolemy's map; Ogam inscriptions

410

(2)

Manuscripts: Old Irish

412

(2)

Middle Irish

413

(1)

Orthography: Ogam script

414

(6)

Insular Latin script; British spelling system

415

(3)

Vowel length; consonants

418

(2)

The Celtic languages: insular and continental

420

(3)

Verbal morphology: the gap in attestation dates

421

(1)

Sound changes in Proto-Celtic

422

(1)

Goidelic and Brittonic: lenition

423

(6)

Palatalised consonants

426

(3)

Developments within Old and Middle Irish

429

(5)

Nominal declension

429

(2)

`Absolute' and `conjunct' distinctions in verbs

431

(2)

Redevelopments of the verbal system in Middle Irish

433

(1)

Vocabulary

434

(5)

The example of mac(c)

434

(2)

Loanwords from Latin and viking sources

436

(2)

Calques

438

(1)

Dialectal variation

439

(4)

Relative clauses

441

(1)

Standard and non-standard terms

442

(1)

A register of non-dialectal language

443

(3)

Models for a high literary register: Latin

446

(2)

Early distinctions between types of language

448

(3)

Language and Literature to 1169

451

(60)

James Carney

The poetic order: origin, status, and functions

451

(3)

The church

454

(1)

Poetry, c.500--1200

454

(6)

Forms

454

(2)

Immediacy and universality

456

(1)

Metaphor; standardised language

456

(2)

Early verse; dindshechus; official compositions

458

(2)

The impact of Genesis: `Lebor Gabala Erenn'

460

(4)

Fomairi and Tuatha De

461

(3)

Mythological tales: `Cath Maige Tuired'

464

(4)

`Tochmarc Etaine'

466

(2)

The Ulster--Connacht tales: `Tain Bo Cuailnge'

468

(10)

Associated tales

472

(1)

Historical basis of the `Tain'; oral tradition

473

(2)

O'Rahilly's interpretation

475

(3)

Later cycles

478

(1)

The Leinster and midland tradition; scelshenchus

479

(6)

`Togail Bruidne Da Derga'

483

(2)

The Munster tradition

485

(2)

Cormac mac Cuilennainn

486

(1)

Other compositions

487

(1)

The Finn cycle

487

(4)

`Acallam na Senorach'; `Duanaire Finn'

489

(2)

The literature of Christianity

491

(9)

Glosses and commentaries

491

(1)

Hagiographical material: Lives; `The monastery of Tallaght'

492

(3)

Verse on scriptural and ecclesiastical themes: Blathmac

495

(1)

`Felire Oengusso'

495

(3)

`Saltair na Rann'; apocrypha, etc.

498

(2)

Tale-types: echtrae, `expedition'

500

(9)

Fis, `vision'

502

(1)

Immram, `voyage': Bran

502

(5)

Mael Duin

507

(2)

Versions of classical and post-classical texts

509

(2)

Manuscripts and Palaeography

511

(38)

William O'Sullivan

Palaeography versus art history

511

(1)

Irish or Anglo-Saxon?

511

(2)

E. A. Lowe, Julian Brown, and Malcolm Parkes

513

(2)

Calfskin and sheepskin; roll and codex

515

(2)

Britain as the source of Irish script

517

(1)

Development of script: from rustic to half-uncial

517

(1)

Early Irish half-uncial: `Usserianus Primus', the Milan Basilius, and the Springmount tablets

518

(2)

The Bobbio manuscripts; Luxeuil script

520

(1)

The earliest insular majuscule: the Cathach and the Milan Orosius

521

(2)

Wilfrid, Willibrord, and the origins of insular minuscule

523

(2)

The Echternach, MacDurnan, and Durham Gospels

523

(2)

The Maeseyck and Lindisfarne Gospels

525

(1)

The Book of Durrow; the Turin Gospels

526

(2)

The Book of Kells

528

(3)

The Garland of Howth

531

(1)

The Cotton and Southampton Psalters

532

(1)

The Psalter of St Caimin; the Cormac Psalter

532

(1)

The Stowe Missal, St Gall Gospels, and Reichenau fragment

533

(1)

The Antiphonary of Bangor; Adomnan's Life of Columba

534

(1)

Pocket Gospels; Book of Dimma, Book of Mulling, Book of Armagh

535

(2)

The scribe Ferdomnach; the MacDurnan Gospels

536

(1)

Irish copies of Priscian's grammar

537

(1)

The tenth century

538

(1)

A late-tenth-century renaissance?

539

(1)

Survival of insular scripts in Ireland

540

(1)

Wales and Scotland

541

(1)

Eleventh-century manuscripts by Irish scribes

541

(4)

Native learning in Irish: the Book of Armagh; Leabhar na hUidhre

545

(3)

The Book of Glendalough; the Book of Leinster

546

(1)

The Annals of Inisfallen; charters in the Book of Kells

547

(1)

An outline of development

548

(1)

Ireland c.800: Aspects of Society

549

(60)

Donnchadh O Corrain

Woods, bogs, and clearances

549

(1)

Settlements: ringforts

550

(3)

Cashels, crannogs, souterrains, and enclosure buildings

551

(2)

Ownership and use of land: the derbfine

553

(4)

Timber; fences

554

(1)

Arable and pasture; subdivision

555

(2)

A prosperous community: the Cush site

557

(11)

Implements; manure

558

(1)

Cereals

559

(2)

Harvesting and storage

561

(1)

Querns and watermills

562

(4)

Vegetables; beans and peas; flax; apples

566

(2)

Livestock and dairying

568

(7)

Raiding for cattle

569

(1)

Grazing, herding, and shelter

570

(1)

Fodder

571

(1)

Milk and milk products

572

(2)

Pigs

574

(1)

Sheep

574

(1)

Food supply and famine

575

(2)

Livestock epidemics and shortage of fodder

576

(1)

Effects on society: status, migration, and violence against churches

577

(5)

Life-expectancy; population changes; epidemics

578

(1)

Public anxiety; visions and the supernatural

579

(3)

Orthodox religion and social order: the cana

582

(2)

The churches in the eighth and ninth centuries: power and influence

584

(6)

Hereditary succession in the church

585

(3)

Monastic independence; dynastic mainstream

588

(2)

Churches and law: assimilation to secular society

590

(8)

Contract between church and laity; pastoral care

594

(4)

Monastic towns and paruchiae

598

(3)

Monastic war

600

(1)

Small churches

601

(4)

Varieties of religious practice; asceticism; the celi De

605

(2)

The diversity of the church in Irish society

607

(2)

The Viking Age

609

(26)

F. J. Byrne

The vikings in Irish and Norse sources

609

(1)

First phase, 794--836: isolated peripheral raids

610

(1)

Second phase, 837--73: major incursions

611

(3)

The general European crisis of the 830s

613

(1)

The high-kingship of Mael Sechnaill

614

(4)

Viking fortified camps: Dunrally

615

(1)

Norse--Irish alliances

616

(1)

Mael Sechnaill opposed by the Ui Neill

617

(1)

Pirates or merchants?

618

(1)

Viking settlements: siting on provincial borders

619

(1)

Scandinavian and Irish society

620

(1)

Towns

620

(1)

The Scandinavian peoples: homelands and contacts

620

(4)

Sweden; Denmark; the common `Danish language'

622

(1)

Norway

623

(1)

Ships and voyages

624

(1)

Literature

625

(1)

The reputation of the vikings

626

(1)

The Scandinavians who were not vikings

627

(1)

Pre-Christian religion

628

(2)

Appendix: Old Norse borrowings into Irish

630

(5)

Place-names of Norse origin

631

(4)

The Irish Church, 800--c.1050

635

(21)

Kathleen Hughes

An established church in a stable society

635

(1)

Varieties of monastic government

636

(1)

Attacks by laymen

637

(1)

Viking warfare: plunder, enslavement, and slaughter

638

(1)

The effects of viking attacks on churches

639

(1)

Legal and institutional effects: end of the cana

640

(4)

Increase in pluralism

641

(1)

Combination of royal office and monastic appointment

642

(1)

Suspension of monastic warfare

643

(1)

Spiritual and intellectual life: scholars on the Continent

644

(2)

Irish overtakes Latin as a scholarly language

645

(1)

The tenth century: lessening of viking pressure

646

(2)

Assimilation of viking and Irish society

646

(1)

Monastic warfare resumes

646

(1)

Aggrandisement of major monastic houses: Armagh

647

(1)

Pluralism declines

648

(1)

The blurring of divisions between church and secular society

648

(1)

Literature: lyric poetry

649

(6)

History: the accommodation of native tradition with biblical accounts

650

(1)

The `Sanas Cormaic'

651

(2)

Voyage tales

653

(1)

Saints' Lives: Patrick in the `Tripartite Life'

654

(1)

A growing need for reform

655

(1)

Church and Politics, c.750--c.1100

656

(24)

F. J. Byrne

Ferdomnach and the Book of Armagh

656

(1)

Repromulgation of the Law of Patrick in the North

657

(3)

Southern Brega

658

(1)

Mide and Munster

659

(1)

Dub da Leithe and the abbacy of Armagh

659

(1)

Connacht

660

(1)

Clonmacnoise; ecclesiastical battles

660

(1)

Dynastic succession

661

(1)

The Book of Armagh

662

(1)

The foundation of Kells, 807

663

(2)

The Columban community in Scotland; Dunkeld

665

(1)

Attempts to revive Iona as head of a united Columban church

665

(2)

Slane; Louth

667

(2)

Monastic families and lay dynasties

669

(1)

Secularisation and the Culdee reaction

670

(1)

Kildare and the kings of Leinster

671

(4)

Armagh: the achievement of the Clann Sinaig abbots

675

(3)

Family influence and celibacy: Iona

678

(1)

Bangor and Down

678

(1)

Clonmacnoise

679

(1)

Visual Arts and Society

680

(34)

Hilary Richardson

The flowering of Irish art

680

(1)

Isolation and stability: the survival of Celtic genius

681

(1)

The viking and Carolingian eras: turmoil and innovation

681

(1)

Christianity and prehistoric tradition

681

(7)

Megalithic decoration

682

(1)

La Tene decoration

683

(2)

Compass-drawn curves in Christian work

685

(2)

Cu Chulainn's shield: elusion in Celtic art

687

(1)

The church: a new patron for artists

688

(1)

Early evidence for design: metalwork

688

(2)

Problems of dating; the chance of survival

689

(1)

Spirituality: Christian reuse of Celtic themes

690

(1)

Carved wood; paintings

691

(1)

Metalwork; enamel

692

(1)

Millefiori; brooches

693

(1)

Cloisonne; hanging bowls

694

(2)

Reliquaries and shrines

696

(2)

Iona and the cultural milieu of the Scotti

698

(1)

Manuscripts and illumination

698

(4)

The increasing importance of decoration

700

(1)

Scribes and script

700

(2)

The Ardagh chalice; the Derrynavlan hoard

702

(2)

Numerology and symbolism

704

(1)

The Tara brooch

704

(2)

High crosses

706

(5)

From ornament to figure-carving

708

(2)

Dating

710

(1)

The eleventh and twelfth centuries: changes of direction

711

(2)

Romanesque art and Celtic persistence

712

(1)

The continuing influence of Irish art

713

(1)

Ecclesiastical Architecture Before 1169

714

(30)

Roger Stalley

Austerity and simplicity

714

(1)

Problems of evidence

715

(1)

Ditches and stone walls: Derry and other major sites

716

(2)

Inishmurray; Nendrum

717

(1)

Functions of boundary walls

717

(1)

Buildings within the walls

718

(3)

Layout of monasteries: the Irish approach

718

(2)

Use of churches

720

(1)

Wooden churches: Kildare; the derthech

721

(4)

Ornamentation

722

(1)

Moving and working timber

723

(1)

Archaeological remains

724

(1)

Stone churches: the daimhliag

725

(2)

Persistence of timber construction in Ireland

725

(1)

Dry-stone work: clochan and oratory; corbelled roofs

726

(1)

Problems of dating

727

(1)

Pre-Romanesque layout and construction

728

(3)

Larger churches

729

(1)

Masonry

730

(1)

Round towers

731

(3)

Who erected monastic buildings?

734

(1)

Costs

735

(1)

Romanesque influences

735

(1)

Cistercian foundations: the cloister garth

735

(1)

The survival of Hiberno-Romanesque

736

(3)

Innovations: Cashel

737

(1)

Arches; columns; gables

738

(1)

Possible sources of imported elements

739

(2)

Cormac's Chapel

740

(1)

Fusion of native and foreign elements: chevron ornament

741

(2)

Sculpted heads

741

(1)

Influence of metalwork; surface colouring

742

(1)

The uniqueness of twelfth-century Irish building

743

(1)

Music in Prehistoric and Medieval Ireland

744

(70)

Ann Buckley

Archaeological evidence and comparative data

744

(1)

Early Celtic music

745

(1)

Horns

746

(1)

The social context of music in Gaelic Ireland

747

(10)

Irish names of instruments

749

(2)

Status and functions of musicians

751

(3)

Dance

754

(1)

Organised sound and time; work-songs; laments

755

(1)

Women's music

756

(1)

Evidence from the annals

757

(1)

Giraldus Cambrensis

758

(6)

Anglo-Norman Ireland: imported musical practices

764

(3)

Plays and pageants

766

(1)

Iconography: lyres and harps

767

(6)

Bowed and wind instruments

769

(1)

Interpreting images

770

(3)

Archaeological evidence: stringed instruments

773

(3)

Aerophones

775

(1)

Bells; jew's harps

775

(1)

Liturgy: the `Celtic rite'

776

(4)

Vikings and Christianity

777

(1)

Pre- and post-Norman church reform

777

(1)

`Sarum use' and other influences

778

(2)

Hiberno-Latin hymns: the Bangor Antiphonary and `Liber hymnorum'

780

(12)

Missals

783

(3)

Other sources

786

(6)

Liturgical drama

792

(1)

Continental sources

793

(1)

Survivals from pre-Norman Ireland: the Caen antiphons

794

(4)

Other pieces

796

(2)

Chant

798

(2)

Polyphony

800

(2)

Instrumental accompaniment: strings and organs

802

(4)

Horns and bells

805

(1)

Music education: notation and theory

806

(1)

Conclusions

807

(2)

Appendix I: Irish manuscripts containing music notation

809

(2)

Appendix II: index of libraries

811

(3)

The Archaeology of Ireland's Viking-Age Towns

814

(28)

Patrick F. Wallace

The Hiberno-Norse town: a picture emerging

814

(1)

Dublin: the longphort

815

(2)

The enclosed and defended dun

817

(1)

Waterford, Wexford, Limerick, Cork

817

(1)

Locations: access to the sea

818

(2)

Defence: earthen embankments

820

(3)

Stone revetments; gateways

820

(3)

Internal divisions: streets, lanes, and yards

823

(5)

Yard sizes and layouts

824

(4)

Building types

828

(2)

Sill-beam houses

830

(1)

Common characteristics of Hiberno-Norse towns

830

(1)

Crafts: the problem of survival of evidence

831

(3)

Wood

832

(1)

Work in bone and antler

832

(1)

Metalwork

833

(1)

Textiles; amber; leather

833

(1)

Supply: the hinterland

834

(2)

Imports: ceramics, textiles, soapstone

835

(1)

Wealth: loot; merchants; silver hoards

836

(1)

Wine, slaves, artefacts

836

(1)

Mints and coinage

837

(1)

Trading contacts

838

(2)

Dublin's growing importance within Ireland

840

(2)

Coins and Coinage in Pre-Norman Ireland

842

(10)

Michael Kenny

Periods

842

(1)

The coinless age: till the end of the ninth century

842

(1)

The `Anglo-Saxon' period: advent of coinage in the tenth century

843

(1)

Coinage in Irish society

844

(1)

The `Hiberno-Norse' period: Dublin viking coinage

844

(6)

Problems of design, origin, and purpose

845

(1)

Coin issues of the early eleventh century

846

(2)

`Dolley Phase V', c. 1065-95

848

(1)

Bracteate coins: issued by native authority?

849

(1)

The context of the viking world

850

(2)

Ireland Before the Battle of Clontarf

852

(10)

F. J. Byrne

The vikings and Brittany

852

(1)

Jarl Ottar and the devastation of Munster

853

(2)

The return of the grandsons of Ivar

855

(1)

The north of Ireland; Mael Brigte mac Tornain

855

(2)

Ui Neill power in fact and in doctrine

857

(3)

Internal divisions

858

(2)

The Clann Cholmain of Mide

860

(2)

Ireland and Her Neighbours, c.1014--c.1072

862

(37)

F. J. Byrne

Brian Boruma, imperator Scottorum

862

(1)

Gruffydd ap Cynan

863

(1)

Gaelicised Norse in Man and Galloway

864

(1)

Enmity between Northern and Southern Ui Neill

864

(1)

The `synthetic historians': Flann Mainistrech

865

(4)

Works attributed to Flann

865

(1)

`Rig Themra toebaige iar tain'

866

(1)

`Redig dam, a De do nim'

866

(1)

Other works

867

(1)

Flann and the Cenel nEogain

868

(1)

Political terminology: the interregnum or `Free State' of 1022--72

869

(10)

Royal officials: the maer and mormaer

870

(2)

The toisech or dux

872

(1)

Tuath, muinter, and tricha cet

872

(1)

Ri and rechtaire

873

(2)

Muire

875

(2)

Air-ri

877

(1)

Airecht

878

(1)

Cain and rechtge

879

(1)

The `decline' of the Ui Neill in the eleventh century: the Cenel nEogain

879

(5)

The Cenel Conaill

881

(1)

Airgialla

882

(1)

The Airthir

882

(1)

The Ui Chrimthainn

883

(1)

The Mugdorna

883

(1)

Overview of the eleventh century

884

(1)

The apogee of Scandinavian Europe

884

(1)

Religious conversion

885

(1)

The Continent: the eastern and western empires

885

(6)

The papacy

886

(1)

Harald Hardrada; the English question

887

(1)

The Normans

888

(3)

The revival of Ulster

891

(4)

Alliance with Ui Chennselaig

892

(1)

Filiogeniture

893

(1)

Ardgar Mac Lochlainn

894

(1)

An Ui Briain king in Tullaghogue

895

(1)

`Cert cech rig co reil'

895

(1)

The Scottish dimension: MacBeth; Thorfinn the Mighty

896

(2)

The end of an era

898

(1)

High-Kings with Opposition, 1072--1166

899

(35)

Marie Therese Flanagan

The rise of Toirrdelbach ua Briain

899

(1)

Deaths of the kings of Leinster and Mide, 1072--3

900

(1)

Toirrdelbach's control of Dublin; influence in other regions

900

(1)

Defeat of Donnchad Ua Ruairc, 1084

901

(1)

The Cenel nEogain

901

(1)

Toirrdelbach's court; dynastic rivals

902

(1)

Domestic politics; trade; relations with the church

903

(4)

Dublin and Canterbury

903

(1)

Church reform and royal authority

904

(1)

Armagh and the high-kings

905

(2)

Toirrdelbach's son Muirchertach succeeds, 1086

907

(1)

Consolidation in Leinster and Connacht

907

(1)

Opposition from Domnall Mac Lochlainn

907

(2)

The struggle for Ulaid; the battle of Mag Coba, 1103

909

(2)

Connections with England; Muirchertach and Archbishop Anselm

911

(3)

Canterbury and the Irish church

911

(3)

The synod of Cashel, 1101

914

(1)

The Book of Rights

914

(1)

Armagh's primacy acknowledged, 1106

914

(1)

The synod of Raith Bressail, 1111: a nationwide diocesan hierarchy

915

(1)

Gilla Espaic as papal legate

916

(1)

Sources on Muirchertach: `Cocad Gaedel re Gallaib' and `Lebor na Cert'

916

(1)

Death of Muirchertach, 1119; rise of Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair

917

(1)

Death of Domnall Mac Lochlainn, 1121

917

(1)

Resistance to Ua Conchobair: Mac Carthaig resurgence in Munster

918

(3)

`Caithreim Chellachain Chaisil'

919

(1)

Cormac Mac Carthaig and the high-kingship

919

(1)

Malachy's headship of the Irish church, 1134

920

(1)

Connacht dissents

920

(1)

Resistance to Ua Conchobair: Mac Murchada in Leinster

921

(1)

Conflict between Ua Briain and Mac Carthaig

922

(1)

Breifne and Airgialla

922

(1)

Armagh and the kingdoms

923

(2)

The Lateran councils of 1123 and 1139

924

(1)

Mide: contraction, instability, and intervention

925

(1)

Cenel nEogain: dynastic conflict

925

(1)

The rise of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn

926

(2)

The synod of Kells, 1152: reflection of political balance

927

(1)

Mac Lochlainn intervenes in Munster, 1153

928

(1)

Death of Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, 1156

928

(1)

Toirrdelbach's failure to exploit church reform

929

(1)

Mac Lochlainn and the church: Mellifont, Newry, Ardbraccan

929

(2)

The synod of Bri Mhic Thaidc, 1158; Derry

930

(1)

Ath na Dairbrige, 1161

930

(1)

Ruaidri Ua Conchobair

931

(1)

Mac Lochlainn `king of Ireland without opposition', 1161

932

(1)

Mac Duinn Sleibe's revolt and blinding, 1165--6

932

(1)

Ua Conchobair's bid for the high-kingship; Mac Murchada is exiled

932

(2)

Latin Learning and Literature in Ireland, 1169--1500

934

(62)

A. B. Scott

Latin writings of Irishmen after 1169: a lack of common features

934

(1)

The Gaelic Irish: limited uses for Latin

935

(1)

Cultural conservatism; the image of an undeveloped Ireland

935

(1)

The Anglo-Irish: lack of centres of scholarship in Ireland

936

(2)

Unsuccessful attempts to found universities

937

(1)

The effect on clerical careers

938

(1)

Education within the religious orders: the mendicant friars

938

(2)

The Cistercians

940

(1)

The Irish at universities: Oxford

940

(7)

Disorderly conduct

943

(3)

Paris; Italy

946

(1)

Irish in papal service; study in German-speaking lands

947

(1)

Richard FitzRalph

948

(4)

The commentary on Lombard; the `Summa de questionibus Armenorum'

949

(2)

FitzRalph's attack on the friars; `De pauperie Salvatoris'

951

(1)

Further attacks on the friars: Henry Crumpe

952

(3)

John Whitehead

953

(1)

Philip Norreys

954

(1)

Oxford as intellectual centre: the example of Adam Payne

955

(3)

Geoffrey Shale

956

(2)

Thomas of Ireland: the `Manipulus florum'

958

(1)

Shorter works

959

(1)

Peter of Ireland

959

(2)

Maurice O'Fihely

961

(4)

Editions of Duns Scotus

962

(3)

Irish lawyers: William of Drogheda

965

(4)

John of Fintona

968

(1)

Moral treatises: Friar Malachy's `Venenum'

969

(4)

The `Liber exemplorum'

971

(2)

Moral concordances: Wadding's edition of the `Promptuarium'

973

(1)

Richard Ledred's apologia

974

(3)

The cantilenae

976

(1)

Church drama

977

(2)

Latin verse

979

(1)

Travel writing: Symon Semeonis

980

(6)

Pilgrimages to Lough Derg: accounts of visions

982

(4)

John Colton's visitation of Derry diocese

986

(2)

Anglo-Irish annals: Christ Church

988

(5)

John Clyn

989

(1)

Kilkenny; Multyfarnham

990

(1)

St Mary's abbey

991

(1)

`Pembridge'

991

(1)

Marlborough; other annals

992

(1)

Hagiography: the `Codex Kilkenniensis' and `Codex Salamanticensis'

993

(3)

Bibliography

996

(152)

F. J. Byrne

Peter Harbison

Daibhi O Croinin

Index

1148

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