A New History of Ireland, Volume VI Ireland Under the Union, II: 1870-1921

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ISBN: 9780198217510 | 019821751X
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Copyright: 10/31/1996

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This, the sixth text volume of A New History of Ireland to appear, opens with a character-study of the period, followed by ten chapters of narrative history, and a study of Ireland in 1914. It includes further chapters on the economy, Literature, the Irish language, music, arts, education,administration and public service, and emigration, and concludes with an extensive bibliography covering 1800-1921.

Preface

Contributors

xxv

Maps and Figures

xxvii

Illustrations

xxviii

Abbreviations and Conventions

xxxiv

Introduction: Ireland, 1870-1921

xliii

R. V. Comerford

I ISAAC BUTT AND THE HOME RULE PARTY, 1870-77

R. V. Comerford

Fenian amnesty campaign; the Devon commission

(1)

Peace preservation and `Westmeath' acts, 1870-71

(1)

Butt's federal scheme; protestant support

(1)

Home rulers in by-elections, 1870-71

(2)

I.R.B. activists and electoral politics

(1)

Tensions within I.R.B.

(1)

Ambiguity of home rule success: Kerry and Galway by-elections, February 1872

(1)

`Clerical influence' and politics

(1)

Gladstone's university bill, 1873

(1)

Irish liberals defect to home rule

(2)

Democratic character of Home Rule League

(1)

General election, 1874: effects of ballot act

(2)

Lack of factors unifying home rulers

(1)

Butt's balancing act

(1)

Tenant farmers' clubs

(1)

No widespread enthusiasm for home rule

(1)

John O'Connor Power and County Mayo

(1)

John Mitchel stands for Tipperary, 1874 and 1875

(1)

Parnell returned for Meath, 1875; an `advanced' group forms

(1)

The I.R.B.'s response to change: `intransigents', `activists', and John Devoy

(1)

Clan na Gael and Fenian Brotherhood, 1875-7

(2)

Home rulers in the commons

(2)

Parliamentary obstruction; Parnell becomes leader of obstructionists

(1)

II THE LAND WAR AND THE POLITICS OF DISTRESS, 1877-82

R. V. Comerford

Gladstone in Ireland, 1877

(1)

The Churchills woo the Irish: tory education legislation; release of fenian prisoners

(1)

Agricultural depression begins, 1877

(1)

Davitt joins supreme council, 1878

(1)

Devoy, the I.R.B., and prospects of crisis

(1)

Devoy's offer to support Parnell, 24 October 1878

(1)

Fenian reactions to the `new departure'

(2)

Irishtown meeting, 20 April 1879

(1)

Westport meeting, 8 June; Archbishop MacHale's opposition

(2)

National Land League of Mayo formed, 16 August

(1)

Irish National Land League formed, 21 October

(1)

Government measures against distress

(1)

The duchess of Marlborough and the Mansion House fund

(1)

Parnell in the U.S.A., January-March 1880; funds for relief or agitation?

(2)

General election, 1880: Parnellite group reinforced

(2)

House of lords rejects compensation for disturbance bill

(1)

Land league spreads beyond west, autumn 1880

(4)

Ulster

(1)

Social basis of league support

(1)

Demands and tactics vary with circumstances

(1)

Social ostracism: the `boycott'

(1)

Sources of violence

(1)

The swing to coercion, October 1880-March 1881

(1)

Land act, August 1881: acceptance or continued agitation?

(1)

The `No rent' manifesto; the league suppressed, October 1881; the Ladies' Land League; Captain Moonlight

(1)

The Kilmainham treaty and Phoenix Park murders, May 1882

(1)

Clan na Gael, O'Donovan Rossa, and bombing attacks

(1)

`Crimes act' and arrears act, July-August 1882

(1)

Davitt and land nationalisation; emigration and social costs

(1)

Political consequences

(2)

III The Parnell Era, 1883-91

R. V. Comerford

Building the new party

(3)

Salaries for M.P.s; the party pledge; electoral conventions

(1)

Cooperation with clergy; electoral reform

(1)

Leadership

(1)

Deeper involvement in British politics

(1)

The O'Sheas

(1)

Chamberlain and the `central board' scheme, 1885

(1)

Fall of Gladstone's government: Churchill and the tories

(1)

Carnarvon as lord lieutenant

(1)

Tory legislation for Ireland

(1)

Gladstone's feelers, late 1885

(1)

British parties encourage hopes of constitutional developments

(1)

General election, 1885

(2)

Tory and liberal reactions

(1)

Fall of tory government; Gladstone's initiatives

(1)

Bill for the better government of Ireland; land bill

(1)

General election, 1886: liberals defeated

(1)

Irish-American contributions, 1883-90

(1)

Religious and political polarisation

(1)

Protestant objections; rise of unionism

(2)

The land question resurgent, 1885; tory measures and the `plan of campaign', 1886

(1)

Strategy and support; papal rescript, 1888

(1)

Arthur Balfour as chief secretary

(1)

Crimes act and executive action: Mitchelstown and New Tipperary

(1)

Land act, 1887

(1)

Land purchase act, 1891; the congested districts board

(1)

The `union of hearts'

(1)

The Times articles: `Parnellism and crime'

(1)

The O'Shea connection; the divorce case

(1)

Political consequences: Gladstone's statement; Parnell's manifesto

(4)

Committee Room 15; the stance of the bishops

(1)

Negotiations at Boulogne

(1)

The struggle in Ireland

(2)

Parnell dies, 6 October 1891

(1)

Parnell as a political leader

(1)

IV THE AFTERMATH OF PARNELL, 1891-1903

F. S. L. Lyons

The historical pendulum

(1)

The Irish party's impotence after 1891: isolation of Parnellites

(1)

Factions among anti-Parnellites

(1)

The National Press dispute; Healy expelled; Dillon as leader

(1)

`Dillonites' and `Healyites'

(1)

Dillon preserves `unity and discipline'

(1)

Diminishing weight at Westminster; liberal alliance atrophies

(1)

Tory measures; land purchase act, 1891

(1)

Congested districts board

(1)

Moves to improve agriculture: Sir Horace Plunkett and cooperation

(1)

Plunkett and politics: the `recess committee'

(1)

Childers commission report, 1896

(1)

Local government act, 1898

(1)

Department of agriculture and technical instruction

(1)

Tenurial revolution, technical conservatism

(1)

O'Brien and the United Irish League

(1)

O'Brien and the Dillon; moves towards reconciliation

(1)

Redmond becomes chairman, February 1900

(1)

Healy isolated

(1)

U.I.L. organisation

(1)

Shawe-Taylor's land conference

(1)

Wyndham's land act, 1903; climax of `constructive unionism'

(1)

Hopes of reconciliation process blasted

(1)

Nationalist misgivings

(1)

O'Brien resigns from party

(1)

Social and economic change

(3)

Boom in industry and agriculture

(1)

Prosperity of Belfast

100

(1)

Slums, disease, and drunkenness

100

(1)

Economic dominance of Britain

101

(1)

Dunraven and the Irish Reform Association; develution proposals

102

(1)

MacDonnell's role; Wyndham resigns; developments in unionism

102

(1)

The Gaelic League; Douglas Hyde

103

(2)

Political effects

105

(1)

United Irishman, Cumann na nGaedheal, and the `Hungarian policy'

105

(2)

Arthur Griffith

Literary renaissance; conflict with Irish-Ireland objectives

107

(1)

The labour movement

108

(1)

Connolly and the Irish Socialist Republican Party

109

(2)

The primacy of political action?

109

(2)

V THE WATERSHED, 1903-7

F. S. L. Lyons

Events of 1903-7

111

(1)

Liberals return to office, 1906

111

(1)

Three liberal attitudes to home rule

112

(1)

Campbell-Bannerman accepts `step by step' approach

113

(1)

Irish council bill, 1907

113

(1)

Divisions within the Irish party

114

(1)

From National Council to Sinn Fein, 1905-8

115

(1)

Sinn Fein enters electoral politics

116

(1)

Death of John O'Leary and return of Thomas Clarke

117

(1)

Unionist divisions: Sloan, Crawford, and the Magheramorne manifesto

117

(2)

The Ne temere decree, 1907

119

(1)

The `Playboy' riots: politics are not dead

119

(2)

Joyce and the `centre of paralysis'

121

(1)

Larkin and the Belfast strikes and lockouts

121

(2)

VI THE DEVELOPING CRISIS, 1907-14

F. S. L. Lyons

Birrell as chief secretary

123

(1)

Irish universities act, 1908

124

(1)

Other liberal reforms, 1906-9

124

(1)

Healy and O'Brien reconciled with Redmond

125

(1)

O'Brien founds the All-for-Ireland League

126

(1)

Lloyd George's budget, 1909; parliament dissolved

126

(1)

Liberals dependent on Redmond

126

(1)

Second general election, 1910; Redmond's hand strengthened; parliament act, 1911

127

(1)

Southern and Ulster unionisms

128

(1)

Carson and Bonar Law

129

(1)

Why unionists would not have home rule

130

(1)

Third home rule bill, April 1912

131

(1)

Agar-Robartes's amendment: the idea of excluding counties

132

(1)

Bonar Law at Blenheim, July 1912

133

(1)

The strange illness of liberal England

133

(1)

The legitimacy of home rule

134

(1)

The Solemn League and Covenant; the Ulster Volunteer Force

135

(1)

Redmond and the problem of Ulster

135

(1)

Revival of republicanism

136

(1)

MacNeill and the founding of the Irish Volunteers

136

(2)

Larkin and militant labour

138

(2)

Strikes and lockouts in Dublin, 1913-14

139

(1)

White, O'Casey, and the Irish Citizen Army

139

(1)

Carson refuses county option, March 1914

140

(1)

The Curragh incident

140

(1)

Arms for Ulster Volunteers landed, 24-5 April 1914

141

(1)

Arms for Irish Volunteers landed, 26 July 1914; Bachelor's Walk massacre

142

(1)

Redmond gains control of Volunteers

143

(1)

Royal assent to home rule bill, 18 September 1914

144

(1)

VII IRELAND IN 1914

L. P. Curtis, Jr

Varieties of crisis

145

(1)

A priest-ridden population?

145

(1)

Birth, death, and marriage rates

146

(1)

Emigration: the profile of emigrants in 1914

147

(1)

Agricultural holdings

148

(1)

Extension of urban culture; decline in number of Irish-speakers

149

(1)

Urban, `semi-urban', and rural areas: problems of definition

149

(2)

Occupations: problems of classification; changes, 1901-11

151

(5)

Women

154

(1)

Occupations and religious allegiance; Belfast

154

(2)

Imports and exports

156

(1)

Celibacy

157

(1)

Land tenure: decline of landlordism

157

(7)

Land purchase

158

(2)

Agrarian agitation

160

(1)

Credit: moneylenders, banks, and cooperatives

161

(1)

The position of the landlord class

162

(2)

Agricultural production: crops; labour

164

(1)

Women in rural society

165

(1)

Women in public affairs: feminism and suffrage

166

(2)

The civil service: costs of administration

168

(3)

The constabulary: crime; political functions

169

(2)

Poverty and progress

171

(3)

The problems of Dublin

171

(1)

Labour disputes

172

(1)

Intellectual life

173

(1)

Material improvement

174

(1)

Political activity

174

(6)

Volunteer forces

175

(1)

Divisions among unionists and nationalists

176

(1)

Ulster forces the pace

177

(1)

Religious demography and social background in Ulster

178

(1)

The anticlimax of home rule

179

(1)

The I.R.B. and plans for insurrection

180

(1)

Conflict of cultures: Irish-Ireland

181

(2)

Pearse, Griffith, Connolly

182

(1)

Inquiries

183

(1)

Impact of European war

184

(1)

Social background of political alignment

185

(2)

1916 prisoners: a social analysis

186

(1)

Stirring the dragons

187

(1)

Life beyond politics

188

(1)

VIII THE REVOLUTION IN TRAIN, 1914-16

F. S. L. Lyons

Redmond pledges Ireland's support for the allies

189

(1)

Irish enlistment; official obstacles

190

(1)

Redmond's Woodenbridge speech; the Volunteers split

190

(1)

Preparations for a rising

191

(1)

Pearse, MacDonagh, and Plunkett: the religion of nationalism and the blood sacrifice

192

(4)

Inner circles

196

(1)

Connolly: the possibility of independent action averted

197

(2)

MacNeill's memorandum, February 1916

199

(1)

Casement, Devoy, and the search for German aid

200

(1)

The Aud mission

201

(2)

Effects on the preparations for a rising

203

(1)

The `Castle document'; MacNeill's actions

204

(1)

Volunteer mobilisation: orders and counterorders

204

(3)

IX THE RISING AND AFTER

F. S. L. Lyons

Government inaction: wartime prosperity

207

(1)

Absence of widespread disaffection

207

(1)

The Irish party and extremism; party declines to join coalition

208

(1)

Forebodings of a rising; action postponed

209

(2)

The rising begins

211

(1)

A strategy of fixed positions

212

(1)

The republic proclaimed

213

(1)

Impact of superior force: the material cost

214

(1)

Civilian deaths: murder of Sheehy-Skeffington; North King Street

215

(2)

Capitulation: the human cost

217

(1)

Martial law and the alienation of public opinion

217

(2)

Arrests

217

(1)

Executions

218

(1)

Crisis for constitutional politics; Redmond and Dillon

219

(1)

Lloyd George proposes home rule with temporary partition

220

(2)

Southern unionists block proposals; Redmond withdraws

222

(2)

X THE NEW NATIONALISM, 1916-18

F. S. L. Lyons

Disarray among Irish party, I.R.B., and Sinn Fein

224

(1)

Public opinion

225

(1)

Irish party loses by-elections to Sinn Fein

226

(2)

Effects of American entry into the war

228

(1)

The Irish Convention

228

(1)

Redmond dies, 6 March 1918; Dillon inherits a desperate situation

229

(1)

Sinn Fein transformed

229

(2)

The I.R.B. and Collins

231

(1)

Sinn Fein ard-fheis, October 1917; opts for a republic

232

(1)

Command of the Volunteers

233

(1)

The conscription crisis, spring 1918

234

(3)

Griffith stands for Cavan East

236

(1)

The `German plot'; organisations sympathetic to Sinn Fein banned

236

(1)

Republican leadership consolidated

237

(1)

General election, 1918; Sinn Fein's mandate

238

(2)

XI THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1919-21

F. S. L. Lyons

First Dail Eireann meets, January 1919: constitution; declaration of independence; Democratic Programme

240

(2)

A new set of ministers, April 1919

242

(1)

Castle authority eroded: local councils; Sinn Fein courts

243

(1)

Shootings of constabulary and attacks on barracks begin

244

(1)

Recruitment of Black and Tans, 1920; Auxiliary Division, R.I.C.

244

(1)

The Volunteers become the I.R.A.; strength; political control

245

(2)

Outrage and reprisal

247

(1)

Lloyd George and the government of Ireland act, 1920

247

(2)

Second dail, 1921; drift towards civil war in Ulster

248

(1)

Repression and guerrilla warfare

249

(1)

Restoration of order in Ireland act, 1920

249

(1)

Steps towards cease-fire, early 1921; de Valera returns from U.S.A.

250

(1)

King's speech, 22 June 1921; Lloyd George offers conference; truce, 11 July 1921

251

(1)

First negotiations

252

(1)

Delegation to London, October 1921

253

(1)

Ambiguous instructions

254

(1)

British and Irish representatives

254

(1)

The main issues: strategic facilities, constitutional status, partition

255

(1)

Ulster: the boundary commission proposal

255

(2)

Renewed problem of constitutional status

257

(1)

A revised oath

258

(1)

Lloyd George's ultimatum; the treaty signed

258

(2)

XII ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY, 1850-1921

H. D. Gribbon

The famine: watershed or irrelevance?

260

(1)

Immediate aftermath: government aid reduced

261

(1)

The outlook in 1850

261

(1)

Land tenure: the encumbered estates acts

262

(1)

Decline in rural population; effects of labour shortage

262

(1)

Shift from tillage to pasture and livestock

263

(1)

Prices of agricultural produce; harvests

264

(2)

Costs and capital

266

(1)

Competition from imports

267

(1)

Land act, 1870: tenant right; improvements; the Bright clauses

268

(2)

Rent levels

270

(1)

Depression begins, 1879-82

270

(1)

Prices, 1881-1914

271

(1)

Livestock numbers and exports

272

(2)

Land tenure and land management

274

(2)

Labourers: wages, housing, and employment

276

(2)

Crops and cultivation methods

278

(1)

Livestock improvements and food processing

279

(2)

The cooperative movement

281

(1)

The department of agriculture and technical instruction

282

(1)

The congested districts board

283

(4)

Fishing; tillage; rural industry; communications

284

(1)

Land purchase; loans

285

(2)

Fisheries: government aid; foreign competition

287

(5)

Industrial development: post-famine decline

292

(6)

Expansion: linen

292

(2)

Shipbuilding

294

(1)

Engineering; brewing and distilling

294

(1)

Cotton and wool

295

(1)

Paper; boots and shoes; furniture

296

(1)

Mining

297

(1)

Irish industrial output in context

298

(11)

Tobacco; lace and crochet

302

(3)

Shirt-making

305

(3)

Biscuits; other industries

308

(1)

Communications: railway capital, costs, and management

309

(5)

Roads: motors, bicycles, and tramways

311

(1)

Railway expansion: the `golden years'

312

(2)

Canals; shipping

314

(1)

Retail prices and living costs: foodstuffs

314

(4)

Fuel and accommodation

318

(1)

Wages: labourers, semi-skilled, and skilled workers

318

(4)

Women

322

(1)

Finance: banks

322

(9)

Taxation and revenue

327

(2)

Public finance and the Irish economy

329

(2)

Social changes: the gentry

331

(11)

Widening prosperity

332

(1)

Occupations

333

(1)

Expansion of the middle class

334

(1)

Housing and public health

335

(3)

Trade unions

338

(1)

Effect of developments outside Ireland

339

(1)

Gas, electricity, telephones

340

(1)

Rural society

341

(1)

Social change reviewed

342

(1)

Effects of war

342

(6)

Agriculture

343

(3)

Industry; munitions

346

(2)

Employment

348

(1)

Effects of peace: trade

348

(3)

Investment and savings

349

(1)

Railways; industry

350

(1)

Employment of women; welfare

350

(1)

Problems of the Irish economy

351

(2)

Expenses of administration

353

(1)

Loss of population: emigration, recruitment, tuberculosis

354

(3)

Appendix

Net assessments to tax under schedules D and E

355

(1)

Housing, 1851-1911

356

(1)

XIII LITERATURE IN ENGLISH, 1891-1921

Vivian Mercier

Literary revival and political revolution

357

(2)

Rejection of the bourgeois

358

(1)

Life follows art

359

(1)

Dublin as intellectual centre

359

(3)

Periodicals and other publishing

360

(2)

The Abbey Theatre

362

(1)

Martyn, Moore, and the Irish Theatre

363

(1)

Class and denominational division avoided

363

(6)

Gaelic mythology: Yeats; Standish James O'Grady

364

(1)

The figure of Cu Chulainn

365

(1)

Break with colonial writing

366

(1)

Folk speech and literary language

367

(1)

Differences between writer and auidence

368

(1)

Social origins of writers: the gentry

369

(3)

The evangelical tradition

369

(1)

Realism and northern protestants

370

(1)

Catholic middle-class writers

371

(1)

Poets: generalisations break down

371

(1)

The theatre: art and nationality

372

(3)

After Synge: a more heterogeneous Abbey

374

(1)

Poetry and politics: events of 1912-13

375

(3)

Pearse; the impact of 1916

377

(1)

The novel: Stephens, Moore, O'Donovan

378

(3)

O'Kelly, Bullock, MacGill, Reid

380

(1)

Joyce

381

(4)

XIV IRISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, 1845-1921

Brian O Cuiv

Official attitudes to Irish

385

(1)

Irish-speaking as shown in the census returns of 1851-1911

385

(6)

Effects of the revival and of Irish in schools

389

(2)

Government antipathy to or disregard of Irish

391

(1)

The courts

391

(1)

Maynooth; the churches and Irish

392

(2)

Social pressures towards English

394

(1)

The national system of education

394

(2)

Irish in intermediate schools

396

(1)

Scholarly activity: learned societies

396

(1)

The universities; European interest in Celtic studies

397

(1)

Beginnings of revivalism

397

(3)

The Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language, 1876; the Gaelic Union, 1880

399

(1)

Hyde

400

(3)

The Gaelic League, 1893

403

(5)

Social and political aspects

403

(1)

The campaign for Irish in education

404

(3)

The national university question

407

(1)

Impact in politics

408

(6)

Casement, Pearse, MacNeill

410

(1)

The 1915 conference

411

(1)

Sinn Fein, Dail Eireann, and independence

412

(2)

Manuscripts and collections

414

(2)

Linguistic studies

416

(1)

The School of Irish Learning; Eriu

417

(1)

Vernacular Irish and oral literature

418

(1)

Writing in contemporary Irish

419

(5)

Ua Laoghaire

419

(1)

Short stories: O Seaghdha, O Conaire, Pearse

420

(1)

Breathnach, O Siochfhradha

421

(1)

O Murchadha, O Criomthainn

422

(1)

An Ridireacht Liteardha; An Fainne

423

(1)

Poetry: last stages of a tradition

424

(3)

New generation of Munster poets

424

(1)

Beaslai, Pearse

425

(1)

Songs

426

(1)

Drama: translations and original plays

427

(1)

Teaching aids: O'Growney, Dinneen

427

(1)

Problems: dialect, orthography, spelling

428

(8)

Appendix

Irish-speakers, by counties and provinces, 1851-1921

431

(2)

Irish-speakers, by baronies, 1891

433

(2)

District electoral divisions, 1911

435

(1)

XV VISUAL ARTS AND SOCIETY, 1850-1900

Cyril Barrett

Jeanne Sheehy

The stimulus of mid-century exhibitions: Dargan and the founding of the national gallery, 1854

436

(1)

Constitution; acquisitions

437

(1)

Attendances

438

(1)

Public and private patronage

439

(1)

Art unions and popular interest in art

440

(1)

Cork exhibition, 1852; Dublin exhibition, 1853

441

(1)

Later exhibitions, 1861-83

442

(1)

The Royal Hibernian Academy; problems

443

(1)

The schools of art and design

444

(1)

Government schools of design set up, 1849

444

(5)

Dublin

444

(2)

Cork

446

(1)

Belfast

447

(1)

George Sharp; Limerick; `schools of practical art'

448

(1)

Drawing societies and art clubs

449

(1)

Leading painters: Maclise, Danby, Mulready

449

(5)

Burton, Crowley, Rothwell

451

(1)

Nicholl, Beechey, Catterson-Smith

452

(1)

Mulcahy, Doyle, Nicol, Hayes, William Osborne

453

(1)

Irish painters on the Continent

454

(2)

John Butler Yeats

456

(1)

Purser; Walter Osborne

456

(1)

Kavanagh, O'Brien, O'Conor, Lavery

457

(1)

Sculptors: Hogan, Foley, MacDowell

458

(2)

Architecture: a variety of styles

460

(1)

Churches; A. W. N. Pugin, J.J. McCarthy, and the rise of Gothic

460

(3)

British architects in Ireland

463

(1)

Secular Gothic: Woodward & Deane

463

(1)

Public and private buildings: classical style

464

(2)

Lanyon, Lynn, Barre

465

(1)

Engineers: Turner, Macneill, Mallet, Stoney

466

(1)

Workhouses, asylums, colleges

467

(1)

Private houses

468

(1)

Decoration: terracotta; Irish motifs

469

(1)

Applied arts: lacemaking, textiles

470

(5)

Pottery, glass

471

(1)

Furniture

471

(2)

Stained glass

473

(2)

XVI VISUAL ARTS AND SOCIETY, 1900-21

Cyril Barrett

Jeanne Sheehy

Revival and decline: the Royal Hibernian Academy

475

(3)

The 1905 inquiry; the academy's defence, 1907; inaction

476

(2)

The Dublin Metropolitan School of Art

478

(2)

The department of agriculture and technical instruction: applied arts instruction and teacher training

479

(1)

Lane and the movement for a gallery of modern art

480

(4)

The problem of a site

480

(3)

The dispute with London; the 1915 codicil

483

(1)

The national gallery

484

(1)

Painters: John Butler Yeats, Somerville, A E, Purser

485

(3)

The Continent: the Henrys, Leech, Swanzy, O'Conor

486

(1)

London: Jack B. Yeats, Orpen, Keating

486

(2)

Sculptors

488

(1)

The arts and crafts movement in Ireland

488

(2)

Stained glass

490

(3)

An Tur Gloine

491

(1)

Clarke, Healy, Geddes, McGoldrick

492

(1)

Architecture: declining demand for building

493

(7)

Belfast as the capital of Irish protestantism

493

(2)

Dublin

495

(1)

Exhibition buildings; smaller institutional buildings

496

(1)

Neo-Georgian and classical; innovations; private housing

497

(1)

Community amenities

498

(1)

Churches

498

(2)

XVII MUSIC AND SOCIETY, 1850-1921

Aloys Fleischmann

Mid-century recovery; wider social involvement in Dublin music

500

(2)

The Antient Concerts Society and Philharmonic Society

500

(1)

Large displays: the exhibitions of 1853 and 1865

501

(1)

Concerts; composers; church music

501

(1)

Belfast: the Music Hall and Ulster Hall

502

(1)

Cork

503

(1)

Opera

504

(1)

Military bands

505

(1)

Civilian bands

505

(1)

Traditional music: the countryside

506

(2)

Growing urban interest; collections

507

(1)

Patriotic songs; broadsheet ballads

507

(1)

Traditional forms and functions

508

(1)

Music teaching; the Irish Academy of Music

508

(1)

The later nineteenth century; Dublin choral and orchestral societies

509

(1)

Belfast

510

(1)

Cork

511

(1)

Opera

512

(1)

Music in education

513

(1)

Municipal schools

513

(1)

Professional organisations

514

(1)

The influence of nationalism

514

(1)

Feis Ceoil and Oireachtas founded, 1897

515

(1)

The early twentieth century: Dublin

515

(3)

Esposito; O'Brien; McCormack

515

(1)

Popular concerts; cinemas and recording

516

(2)

Effects of war

518

(1)

Postwar music

518

(1)

Belfast; Cork

518

(1)

Opera

519

(1)

Music in education

520

(1)

Nationalism: an attempted renaissance in Irish opera

520

(3)

Folk music: organisations and collections

521

(1)

Fife and drum bands

522

(1)

Bands and nationalist activism

522

(1)

XVIII PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, 1870-1922

D. H. Akenson

Intermediate schools

523

(6)

Gladstone, Hicks-Beach, and Keenan

524

(1)

Board created and endowed, 1885

524

(1)

Denominational character; educational standards

525

(1)

Payment by results: the effects

525

(1)

Recommendations of the 1898 commission

526

(1)

Inspection versus examination: government accepts inspection, 1908

527

(1)

The per capita system as a basis for grants

528

(1)

The act of 1913 and committee of 1918: a legacy

528

(1)

Technical training

529

(3)

The department of agriculture and technical instruction rescues technical education

530

(1)

Council of agriculture and board of technical instruction

531

(1)

Educational success of the department

531

(1)

Financial and political success

531

(1)

National schools

532

(6)

The Powis commission, 1868-70

532

(1)

Payment by results introduced

533

(1)

Effects of treasury control

533

(1)

The Belmore commission, 1896-8

534

(1)

Starkie as resident commissioner

535

(1)

The `revised programme', 1900

535

(1)

Bilingual programme, 1904

535

(1)

Compulsory attendance act, 1892

536

(1)

School size

536

(1)

Failure to extend civic control

537

(1)

Insulation of national, technical, and intermediate systems

538

(1)

XIX HIGHER EDUCATION, 1793-1908

Susan Parkes

`Secular' and `religious' concepts of education

539

(1)

Wider curricula and access to higher education

539

(1)

Trinity College, Dublin

540

(1)

St Patrick's College, Maynooth

541

(1)

Attempts to establish a presbyterian university

542

(1)

A secular university: the London model

543

(1)

The Irish colleges bill, 1845: disputed options

543

(7)

Wyse and proposed reform of Irish education, 1835-8

544

(1)

The bill's terms

545

(1)

Catholic and presbyterian reactions

546

(2)

Graham's `memoranda of subjects': courses established

548

(1)

Constitution of the queen's university

549

(1)

Kane and Queen's College, Cork

550

(1)

Belfast

550

(1)

The Kildare commission, 1857-8

551

(1)

Movement for a catholic university: Newman and Cullen

552

(4)

Establishment; problems

553

(2)

Attempts to assimilate queen's and catholic universities

555

(1)

Mayo's proposals, 1868

556

(1)

The Royal College of Science

556

(1)

Gladstone's university bill, 1873

557

(1)

Fawcett's act abolishes religious tests in Trinity

558

(1)

Trinity in mid-century

558

(2)

Tory legislation: intermediate education, 1878; the royal university, 1879

560

(2)

The queen's colleges commission, 1884

562

(1)

Catholic proposals: Walsh, Delany, O'Dwyer

563

(1)

The Robertson commission, 1901-3; the Dunraven scheme, 1904

564

(1)

The Fry commission, 1906-7; Bryce and Birrell

565

(1)

The Irish universities act, 1908

566

(3)

The question of compulsory Irish

568

(1)

Extended scope of the national university

568

(1)

Queen's University, Belfast

569

(1)

Trinity

569

(1)

Three secular universities

570

(1)

XX ADMINISTRATION AND THE PUBLIC SERVICES, 1870-1921

R. B. McDowell

Entry to civil service by open competitive examination, 1870

571

(1)

The tripartite system in Ireland

571

(1)

The Irish Civil Service Committee; parity with English salaries, 1873; recruitment, 1874

572

(1)

Effects of expanding administration

573

(1)

The church temporalities commission

574

(3)

Administration of property

575

(1)

Land tenure

576

(1)

Accounts

576

(1)

The local government board act, 1872: public health and relief

577

(1)

The judicature act, 1877

578

(1)

Tory legislation: the intermediate education board

579

(1)

Relief of distress: 1879-82

580

(3)

The poor relief act, 1886; relief in the west, 1890-91

582

(1)

The land commission

583

(4)

Land purchase

586

(1)

The congested districts board

587

(2)

The department of agriculture and technical instruction

589

(1)

Local government reform

590

(4)

The 1892 bill

591

(1)

The 1898 act

592

(1)

The local government board in action

593

(1)

Need for administrative reform

594

(1)

Effects of war

595

(4)

Pressure for retrenchment

595

(2)

Employment in wartime; refugees

597

(1)

Food supply

598

(1)

U.K. ministries in Ireland

598

(1)

Peacetime reorganisation

599

(2)

Health

600

(1)

Education

600

(1)

The war of independence

601

(3)

The government of Ireland act, 1920

601

(1)

Administrative responses to civil war

602

(1)

The Warren Fisher inquiry

603

(1)

The restoration of order act

603

(1)

Beginnings of a Northern Ireland administration

604

(1)

Officials in the search for a political solution

604

(1)

Administrative transition

605

(1)

XXI EMIGRATION, 1871-1921

David Fitzpatrick

Emigration as a structural element of post-famine Ireland

606

(1)

Irish emigration rates the highest in Europe

607

(1)

Destinations of emigrants: primacy of the United States

608

(2)

Choice influenced by previous migrants

609

(1)

Sources of emigration: primacy of Connacht

610

(2)

Rural poverty

610

(1)

Origins and destinations

611

(1)

Profiles of emigrants: males and females

612

(5)

Predominance of emigrants aged 20-24

613

(1)

`Labourers' and farmers' children

613

(1)

Other occupations

614

(1)

Literacy, education, and emigration

615

(2)

Shipping and fares

617

(1)

Government assistance

618

(1)

Private sponsorship; catholic colonisation

619

(3)

Tuke and Vere Foster

620

(2)

`American money' and prepaid passages

622

(2)

Effects of emigration on Ireland

624

(9)

`American money' as a conservative influence

624

(1)

Economic effects

625

(1)

Children and fertility

626

(1)

`The deplorable tide'

627

(2)

Social and political stability

629

(2)

The first world war

631

(1)

Emigration and the war of independence

632

(1)

Reverse migration

633

(20)

The returned emigrant in Irish society

634

(3)

Emigration made easier

637

(1)

Appendix

Rates of out-migration from Ireland, 1871-1911

638

(1)

Nationality of emigrants from U.K. ports by destination, 1853-1910

639

(1)

Distribution of Irish-born outside their native counties, 1871-1921

640

(1)

Destinations outside Europe of Irish emigrants, 1876-1914

641

(1)

Emigration of natives of Ireland by quinquennia, 1871-1914

642

(1)

Cohort depletion and literacy for Ireland and Mayo, 1871-1911

643

(1)

Volume of small remittances to the United Kingdom, 1871-1915

644

(1)

`Irish' immigration as percentage of emigration by destination, 1895-1913

645

(1)

Female percentage of Irish migration by destination, 1895-1913

646

(1)

`Permanent' migration between Ireland and extra-European countries, 1912-13

647

(6)

XXII THE IRISH IN BRITAIN, 1871-1921

David Fitzpatrick

Alienating aspects of Britain; lack of an immigrant community

653

(1)

Relative decline of the Irish-born population in Britain

654

(1)

Continuing immigration

654

(2)

More older and more male immigrants

655

(1)

Distribution

656

(1)

Disappearance of `Irishtowns'

656

(1)

Pauperism

657

(1)

Migratory labour

658

(3)

Areas of origin

659

(1)

Occupations and earnings

660

(1)

Permanent settlers: areas of origin

661

(3)

Occupations: lack of upward mobility

662

(2)

Effects of the first world war: recruitment

664

(2)

Munitions work

665

(1)

Peace: the status quo ante returns

666

(1)

British hostility

666

(1)

Social alienation: Irish offenders in Britain

667

(3)

Continuing deprivation and grievance

670

(1)

Catholicism

671

(2)

Attendance rates

671

(1)

Intermarriage; marriage and fertility

672

(1)

Social action; education

672

(1)

The church and politics

673

(2)

Fenianism

675

(1)

Gaelic revival

676

(1)

Constitutional politics: home rule

677

(6)

Membership; funds

679

(2)

Electoral influence

681

(1)

The rise of labour

682

(1)

Local government

683

(1)

The events of 1916-21: direct action

684

(5)

Propaganda and pressure groups

685

(1)

The Irish Self-determination League of Great Britain

685

(4)

`A curious middle place'

689

(14)

Appendix

Irish-born population of Great Britain, 1871-1921

690

(1)

Irish-born population of British towns, 1871-1921

691

(1)

Irish seasonal migration, 1880-1915

692

(2)

Demography of Mayo and Donegal, c.1881-91

694

(1)

Irish-born workers as percentages of certain occupations, Scotland (1911)

695

(2)

Irish-born offenders in Britain, 1861-1911

697

(1)

Male prisoners admitted to Barlinnie prison, Glasgow, 1882-3

698

(5)

XXIII THE IRISH IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, 1870-1990

Patrick O'Farrell

Problems of assessing `Irishness'

703

(3)

The Irish on the land and in the labour movement

704

(2)

Assimilation and acceptance

706

(3)

Catholic leaders

707

(1)

Views of the empire; images of the Irish

708

(1)

Irish organisations

709

(1)

Atrophy of cultural traditions

710

(1)

St Patrick's day

710

(1)

Home rule: commitment and division

711

(2)

Primacy of Australian concerns

713

(1)

Attempts to harmonise Irishness and Australia

713

(2)

The 1916 rising and after: the Irish National Association

715

(6)

Resentment at the challenge to Irish standing in Australia

716

(2)

The conscription referenda, 1916-17

718

(1)

Lack of response to republican causes

719

(1)

New Zealand

720

(1)

Disillusionment

721

(1)

The divorce of Australian catholicism from Irishness

721

(1)

Concern for Irish political problems dwindles

722

(1)

Immigration; diplomatic relations

723

(1)

The end of Irish Australia

724

(1)

XXIV THE REMAKING OF IRISH-AMERICA, 1845-80

David Noel Doyle

The remaking of Irish-America, 1845-80

725

(1)

Emigration massively enlarged; predominantly catholic

725

(1)

Triumph of nationalist ideology; industrialisation

726

(1)

British North America: older patterns persist

726

(1)

The wider importance of a coherent Irish-America

726

(1)

The differences of Irish-Canada

727

(1)

Cultural and institutional patterns of Irish-America

728

(1)

Established foundations

728

(1)

Demographic trends

728

(2)

Charity

730

(1)

American receptivity

731

(1)

Exile seen as ill fortune

731

(1)

Good fortune: expanding territory; expanding employment; politics

731

(1)

Who were the emigrants?

732

(1)

Changing sources of the flow of emigration

733

(3)

Munster and Connacht predominate

734

(1)

Ulster

735

(1)

Irish-America becomes catholic by definition

736

(1)

Irish-speakers

736

(1)

Munster and south Leinster

737

(1)

Emigrants from western Ireland

738

(1)

Outer Ulster

738

(1)

Small farmers and labourers

739

(1)

Regional divisions delay the emergence of a common Irish-America

740

(1)

Urbanisation: Irish-America opts for the urban future

740

(2)

Increasing urban concentration in the late nineteenth century

742

(1)

Patterns of settlement

743

(3)

East versus mid-west

744

(1)

Concentration in small factory cities

745

(1)

Patterns consolidated by 1870

746

(1)

The Irish in the cities: mortality rates

746

(3)

Urban growth in America; urban decline in Ireland

749

(1)

Improved quality of life?

749

(1)

Labouring

750

(3)

Skilled work

753

(2)

Householding and home-making

755

(1)

Poverty and social attitudes: conservatism of catholic bishops; Irish-American laity

756

(2)

The catholic church in America

758

(1)

The role of non-Irish catholics

759

(2)

Irish-America consolidates its catholicism

761

(3)

Bibliography

764

(117)

Charles Benson

Helen F. Mulvey

Index

881

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A New History of Ireland, Volume VI Ireland Under the Union, II: 1870-1921

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials