A New World of Writers: Teaching Writing in a

Elaine Freedman Fredericksen is Associate Professor of English at The University of Texas at El Paso.

Acknowledgments

ix

Introduction Learning to Teach in a Diverse Society

1

(4)

Shapeshifters: Adapting to a New Tradition in Writing Instruction

5

(19)

Conflicting Theories

6

(3)

Defining Race

9

(1)

White Matters

10

(2)

The Teacher's Place in the Classroom

12

(2)

The New-Traditional Classroom: An Ideal Vision

14

(1)

Shared Authority

15

(1)

What Students Know

16

(1)

Knowing Our Students

17

(7)

Equalizers: Allowing All Voices to Be Heard

24

(16)

Causes of Silence

25

(5)

How Language and Literacy Can Help Female Students

30

(5)

Conclusion

35

(5)

Collaborators: Creating Writing Communities for a Diverse Student Population

40

(14)

Problems and Implications

41

(1)

Benefits of Cooperative Learning

42

(2)

How Learning Communities Work

44

(5)

Results

49

(5)

Evaluators: Teaching Writers to Assess Themselves

54

(11)

Theoretical Underpinnings

55

(1)

Negotiated Grades

56

(7)

Conclusion

63

(2)

Extenders: Helping Young Writers Enter the Academy

65

(27)

Theories of Resistance

65

(1)

Theories of Ownership

66

(1)

Discourse Conventions and the Plight of the Nontraditional Student

67

(2)

A Plan of Action

69

(14)

Karen's Final Draft Poverty: Struggles of Children Below the Line

83

(2)

Marisol's Final Draft ``Animal's Intelligence: Are Theirs Like Human's''

85

(3)

Marisol's Memorandum

88

(2)

Guidelines for Evaluating Individual Essays

90

(2)

Risktakers: Developing a Playful Attitude Toward Writing

92

(12)

A Definition of Play

93

(1)

Theory of Play

93

(2)

Classroom Play

95

(1)

Writing and Play

96

(1)

Classroom Simulations

96

(2)

Nonsimulation Games

98

(1)

Rules of Play

99

(1)

The Importance of Risk

100

(4)

Achievers: Writing Beyond (Dis)Ability

104

(13)

Choosing the Right Words

105

(1)

Legal Issues in Teaching Students with Impairments

106

(1)

A Need for Change

106

(1)

Aids for the Physically Impaired

107

(2)

Dealing with Learning Disabilities

109

(2)

Using What We Know

111

(2)

Reducing Stress

113

(1)

Call for Further Research

114

(1)

Benefits of a Nondisabling Society for ALL Citizens

114

(3)

Last Word

117

(2)

Index

119

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A New World of Writers: Teaching Writing in a Diverse Society

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials