NMR Imaging in Chemical Engineering

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ISBN: 9783527312344 | 352731234X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/10/2006

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How to use nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in chemical engineering. Written by the internationally recognized top experts from academia and industry, this first book dedicated to the topic provides an overview of existing methods and strategies to solve individual problems in chemical engineering. Written in a simple and lively manner and backed by various industrial examples, the book begins with a look at hardware and methods, continuing on to cover porous materials, fluids and flow of increasing complexity from different fields of Chemical Engineering, before finishing off with a review of reactors and reactions. The result allows engineers, industrial and academic researchers and decision-makers to gain a detailed insight into the NMR toolbox, such that they can estimate the benefit of NMR imaging with regard to cost efficiency and scientific results.

1 Introduction

(46)

Siegfried Stapf and Song-I. Han

1.1 A Brief Comment

(1)

1.2 The Very Basics of NMR

(6)

1.3 Fundamentals of NMR Imaging

(10)

1.4 Fundamentals of Detecting Motion

(8)

1.5 Bringing Them Together: Velocity Imaging

(6)

1.6 More Advanced Techniques I: Multiple Encoding and Multiple Dimensions

(2)

1.7 More Advanced Techniques II: Fast Imaging Techniques

(5)

1.8 Introducing Color into the Image: Contrast Parameters

(8)

2 Hardware and Methods

2.1 Hardware, Software and Areas of Application of Non-medical MRI

(30)

D. Gross, K. Zick, T. Oerther, V. Lehmann, A. Pampa, and J. Goetz

2.1.1 Introduction

(1)

2.1.2 Hardware

(8)

2.1.2.1 Magnets

(8)

2.1.3 Software

(7)

2.1.4 Areas of Application

(6)

2.1.5 Outlook

(8)

2.2 Compact MRI for Chemical Engineering 77

Katsumi Kose

2.2.1 Concept of Compact MRI

(1)

2.2.2 System Overview

(1)

2.2.3 Permanent Magnet

(3)

2.2.4 Gradient Coil

(1)

2.2.5 Rf coil

(1)

2.2.6 MRI Console

(3)

2.2.7 Typical Examples of Compact MRI Systems

(3)

2.3 Drying of Coatings and Other Applications with GARField

(18)

P.J. Doughty and P.J. McDonald

2.3.1 Introduction

(1)

2.3.2 GARField Magnets

(4)

2.3.3 Applications

(7)

2.3.4 Human Skin Hydration

101

(2)

2.3.5 Further Developments

103

(2)

2.3.6 Conclusion

105

(2)

2.4 Depth Profiling by Single-sided NMR

107

(16)

F. Casanova, J. Perlo, and B. Blümich,

2.4.1 Introduction

107

(1)

2.4.2 Microscopic Depth Resolution

108

(5)

2.4.3 Applications

113

(9)

2.4.4 Conclusions

122

(1)

2.5 Microcoil NMR for Reaction Monitoring

123

(16)

Luisa Ciobanu, Jonathan V. Sweedler, and Andrew G. Webb

2.5.1 Introduction

123

(1)

2.5.2 NMR Acquisition in Reaction Monitoring: Stopped- and Continuous-flow

124

(2)

2.5.3 Reaction Studies Using NMR

126

(3)

2.5.4 Small-scale NMR Reaction Monitoring

129

(4)

2.5.5 Multiple Microcoil NMR. Sensitivity and Throughput Issues

133

(4)

2.5.6 Conclusions

137

(2)

2.6 Broadening the Application Range of NMR and MRI by Remote Detection

139

(24)

Song-I Han, Josef Granwehr, and Christian Hilty

2.6.1 Introduction

139

(1)

2.6.2 Motivation

140

(1)

2.6.3 Principle of NMR Remote Detection

140

(5)

2.6.4 Sensitivity Enhancement by Remote Detection

145

(4)

2.6.5 Application of NMR Remote Detection

149

(11)

2.6.6 Concluding Remark

160

(3)

2.7 Novel Two Dimensional NMR of Diffusion and Relaxation for Material Characterization

163

(20)

Yi-Qiao Song

2.7.1 Introduction

163

(1)

2.7.2 Pulse Sequences and Experiments

164

(5)

2.7.3 Laplace Inversion

169

(3)

2.7.4 Applications

172

(7)

2.7.5 Instrumentation

179

(2)

2.7.6 Summary

181

(2)

2.8 Hardware and Method Development for NMR Rheology

183

(22)

Paul T. Callaghan

2.8.1 Introduction

183

(2)

2.8.2 Rheo-NMR Fundamentals

185

(5)

2.8.3 Apparatus Implementation

190

(3)

2.8.4 Applications of Rheo-NMR

193

(10)

2.8.5 Conclusions

203

(2)

2.9 Hydrodynamic, Electrodynamic and Thermodynamic Transport in Porous Model Objects: Magnetic Resonance Mapping Experiments and Simulations

205

(26)

Elke Kossel, Bogdan Buhai, and Rainer Kimmich

2.9.1 Introduction

205

(2)

2.9.2 Spin Density Diffusometry

207

(4)

2.9.3 Flow Velocity and Acceleration Mapping

211

(6)

2.9.4 Hydrodynamic Dispersion

217

(4)

2.9.5 Thermal Convection and Conduction Mapping

221

(2)

2.9.6 Ionic Current Density Mapping

223

(5)

2.9.7 Concluding Remarks

228

(3)

3 Porous Materials

3.1 Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials

231

(19)

Jörg Kärger, Frank Stallmach, Rustem Valiullin, and Sergey Vasenkov

3.1.1 Introduction

231

(1)

3.1.2 Measuring Principle

232

(4)

3.1.3 Intracrystalline Diffusion

236

(1)

3.1.4 Long-range Diffusion

237

(6)

3.1.5 Boundary Effects

243

(4)

3.1.6 Conclusion

247

(3)

3.2 Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Study of the Filtration Process

250

(13)

R. Reimert, E.H. Hardy, and A. von Gamier

3.2.1 Filtration Principles

250

(1)

3.2.2 In-bed Filtration

251

(3)

3.2.3 Filtration Dynamics

254

(8)

3.2.4 Summary

262

(1)

3.3 Multiscale Approach to Catalyst Design

263

(22)

Xiaohong Ren, Siegfried Stapf, and Bernhard Blümich

3.3.1 Introduction

263

(2)

3.3.2 129Xe Spectroscopy

265

(2)

3.3.3 NMR Relaxometry

267

(2)

3.3.4 Cryoporometry

269

(1)

3.3.5 Diffusometry

270

(2)

3.3.6 Flow Propagators

272

(3)

3.3.7 NMR Imaging

275

(5)

3.3.8 Conclusions and Summary

280

(5)

3.4 Pure Phase Encode Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Concrete Building Materials

285

(19)

J.J. Young, T.W. Bremner, M.D.A. Thomas, and B.J. Balcom

3.4.1 Introduction

285

(1)

3.4.2 Single-Point Imaging – The SPRITE Techniques

286

(5)

3.4.3 Hydrogen (Water) Measurements

291

(7)

3.4.4 Chlorine and Sodium Measurements

298

(2)

3.4.5 Lithium Measurements

300

(2)

3.4.7 Conclusion

302

(2)

3.5 NMR Imaging of Functionalized Ceramics

304

(17)

S.D. Beyea, D.O. Kuethe, A. McDowell, A. Caprihan, and S.J. Glass

3.5.1 Introduction

304

(1)

3.5.2 Experimental Background

305

(1)

3.5.3 NMR Relaxation Behavior of Perfluorinated Gases

306

(4)

3.5.4 Results and Discussion

310

(9)

3.5.5 Conclusions and Future Research

319

(1)

3.5.6 Description of NMR Equipment

319

(2)

3.6 NMR Applications in Petroleum Reservoir Studies

321

(19)

George J. Hirasaki

3.6.1 Introduction

321

(1)

3.6.2 NMR Well Logging and Fluid Analysis

322

(1)

3.6.3 NMR Measurements

323

(1)

3.6.4 NMR Fluid Properties

324

(2)

3.6.5 Porosity

326

(2)

3.6.6 Surface Relaxation and Pore Size Distribution

328

(2)

3.6.7 Irreducible Water Saturation

330

(2)

3.6.8 Permeability

332

(3)

3.6.9 Fluid Identification

335

(1)

3.6.10 Exceptions to Default Assumptions

336

(1)

3.6.11 Conclusions

337

(3)

3.7 NMR Pore Size Measurements Using an Internal Magnetic Field in Porous Media

340

(19)

Yi-Qiao Song, Eric E. Sigmund, and Natalia V. Lisitza

3.7.1 Introduction

340

(1)

3.7.2 DDIF Concept

341

(7)

3.7.3 Applications

348

(8)

3.7.4 Summary

356

(3)

4 Fluids and Flows

4.1 Modeling Fluid Flow in Permeable Media

359

(24)

Jinsoo Uh and A. Ted Watson

4.1.1 Introduction

359

(1)

4.1.2 Modeling Multiphase Flow in Porous Media

360

(2)

4.1.3 System and Parameter Identification

362

(2)

4.1.4 Determination of Properties

364

(17)

4.1.5 Summary

381

(2)

4.2 MRI Viscometer

383

(21)

Robert L. Powell

4.2.1 Introduction

383

(4)

4.2.2 Theory

387

(2)

4.2.3 Experimental Techniques

389

(3)

4.2.4 Results

392

(10)

4.2.5 Conclusion

402

(2)

4.3 Imaging Complex Fluids in Complex Geometries

404

(12)

Y. Xia and P.T. Callaghan

4.3.1 Introduction

404

(1)

4.3.2 Rheological Properties of Polymeric Flow

404

(4)

4.3.3 NMR Microscopy of Velocity

408

(2)

4.3.4 NMR Velocity Imaging of Fano Flow

410

(4)

4.3.5 Other Examples of Viscoelastic Flows

414

(2)

4.4 Quantitative Visualization of Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille Flows with MRI+

416

(17)

John G. Georgiadis, L.Guy Raguin, and Kevin W. Moser

4.4.1 Introduction

416

(3)

4.4.2 Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille Flow

419

(10)

4.4.3 Future Directions

429

(1)

4.4.4 Summary

430

(3)

4.5 Two Phase Flow of Emulsions

433

(24)

Nina C. Shapley and Marcos A. d'Ávila

4.5.1 Introduction

433

(3)

4.5.2 NMRI Set-up and Methods

436

(8)

4.5.3 Complex Flows of Homogeneous Emulsions

444

(3)

4.5.4 Mixing of Concentrated Emulsions

447

(4)

4.5.5 Future Directions

451

(6)

4.6 Fluid Flow and Trans-membrane Exchange in a Hemodialyzer Module

457

(14)

Song-I Han and Siegfried Stapf

4.6.1 Objective

457

(1)

4.6.2 Methods

457

(1)

4.6.3 Materials

458

(1)

4.6.4 Results and Discussion

459

(10)

4.6.5 Conclusion

469

(2)

4.7 NMR for Food Quality Control

471

(19)

Michael J. McCarthy, Prem N. Gambhir, and Artem G. Goloshevsky

4.7.1 Introduction

471

(2)

4.7.2 Relationship of NMR Properties to Food Quality

473

(1)

4.7.3 Applications of NMR in Food Science and Technology

473

(15)

4.7.4 Summary

488

(2)

4.8 Granular Flow 490

Eiichi Fukushima

4.8.1 Introduction

490

(3)

4.8.2 NMR Strategies

493

(8)

4.8.3 Systems Studied

501

(4)

4.8.4 Future Outlook

505

(4)

5 Reactors and Reactions

5.1 Magnetic Resonance Microscopy of Biofilm and Bioreactor Transport

509

(25)

Sarah L. Codd, Joseph D. Seymour, Erica L. Gjersing, Justin P. Gage, and Jennifer R. Brown

5.1.1 Introduction

509

(1)

5.1.2 Theory

510

(6)

5.1.3 Reactors

516

(15)

5.1.4 Conclusions

531

(3)

5.2 Two-phase Flow in Trickle-Bed Reactors

534

(17)

Lynn F. Gladden, Laura D. Anadon, Matthew H.M. Lim, and Andrew J. Sederman

5.2.1 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Trickle-bed Reactors

534

(4)

5.2.1.1 What are Trickle-bed Reactors?

534

(4)

5.2.2 Holdup and Wetting in the Trickle-flow Regime

538

(4)

5.2.3 Unsteady-state Hydrodynamics in Trickle-bed Reactors

542

(7)

5.2.4 Summary

549

(2)

5.3 Hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy, MRI and Dynamic NMR Microscopy for the In Situ Monitoring of Gas Dynamics in Opaque Media Including Combustion Processes

551

(19)

Galina E. Pavlovskaya and Thomas Meersmann

5.3.1 Introduction

551

(1)

5.3.2 Chemical Shift Selective Hp-129Xe MRI and NMR Microscopy

552

(5)

5.3.3 Dynamic NMR Microscopy of Gas Phase

557

(4)

5.3.4 In Situ NMR of Combustion

561

(5)

5.3.5 High Xenon Density Optical Pumping

566

(4)

5.4 In Situ Monitoring of Multiphase Catalytic Reactions at Elevated Temperatures by MRI and NMR

570

(20)

Igor V. Koptyug and Anna A. Lysova

5.4.1 Introduction

570

(1)

5.4.2 Experimental

571

(3)

5.4.3 Results and Discussion

574

(13)

5.4.4 Outlook

587

(3)

5.5 In Situ Reaction Imaging in Fixed-bed Reactors Using MRI

590

(19)

Lynn F. Gladden, Belinda S. Akpa, Michael D. Mantle, and Andrew J. Sederman

5.5.1 Introduction

590

(2)

5.5.2 Spatial Mapping of Conversion: Esterification Case Study

592

(11)

5.5.3 ¹³C DEPT Imaging of Conversion and Selectivity

603

(3)

5.5.4 Future Directions

606

(3)

Index

609

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NMR Imaging in Chemical Engineering

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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