Nonfinite Structures in Theory and Change

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ISBN: 9780198299608 | 0198299605
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/23/2002

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This book seeks to answer the questions: why do grammars change, and why is the rate of such change so variable? A principal focus is on changes in English between the Anglo-Saxon and early modern periods. The author frames his analysis in a comparative framework with extended discussions of language change in a wide range of other Indo-European languages. He deploys Chomsky's minimalist framework in a fruitful marriage of comparative and theoretical linguistics within an argument that will be accessible to practitioners in both fields.

Preface

Dating and Other Conventions

xvii

List of Abbreviations

xix

Introduction

(1)

The Nature of Nonfinite Structures

(1)

Assumptions about Language Change

(2)

Plan of the Book

(7)

Case Checking and Accord

(18)

Introduction

(1)

General case theory

(6)

Types of case

(1)

Structural case

(1)

Inherent case

(1)

Semantic case

(1)

Default case

(1)

Case accommodation

(1)

P-case: structural and inherent case accommodation (Latin)

(1)

Case and Accord

(5)

Syntactic case (licensing) and morphological (m-)case

(2)

The case-agreement interrelation: Accord

(1)

Multiple case checking

(2)

Case checking, raising, and AI in Latin

(5)

The Latin accusative and infinitive

(3)

Raising and impersonal verbs

(2)

Conclusion

(2)

Case theory and Accord: summary

(2)

Tense and Nonfinite Clauses

(20)

Introduction

(1)

The problem of tense

(4)

Tense as a theoretical construct

(1)

Tense and event time

(3)

Infinitives with tense

(5)

M-tensed infinitives in Ancient Greek

(2)

Infinitives with m-tense: Latin and Turkish

(1)

Reflective verbs, infinitival tense, and eventive predicates

(2)

Infinitival structures with and without tense

(3)

Restructuring

(2)

Restructuring and non-restructuring verbs

(1)

Gerundial and infinitival complements

(5)

Temporal interpretation

(2)

Infinitive and gerundial selection

(3)

Conclusion

(2)

Tense and nonfinite structures

(2)

Null Subjects and Control

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Control

(12)

Obligatory and non-obligatory control

(1)

The classical view

(1)

A reclassification of OC and NOC

(1)

Some recent accounts of obligatory control

(1)

Movement accounts

(1)

Accounts with no infinitival subject position

(1)

Locality accounts and control shift

(1)

An account based on tense and agreement

(1)

Accounts of non-obligatory control

(1)

Arbitrary control and implicit datives

(2)

Implicit agents and rationale clauses

(2)

Criteria for genuine non-obligatory control

(1)

NOC, logophoricity, and inalienable possession

(1)

The case of PRO

(4)

The Null Case hypothesis

(1)

The position of PRO

(2)

PRO and [-actualized] case

(1)

The distribution of PRO

(9)

PRO and lexical subjects

(2)

Infinitival mood and null subjects

(3)

Speculations on PRO and Switch Reference

(1)

Consequences and conclusions

(3)

Plain and Conjugated Infinitives

(36)

Introduction

(1)

Portuguese

(10)

Core infinitival structures

(1)

Subject and object control

(1)

Prepositional infinitival clauses

(1)

Bridge and factive complements

(3)

Extraction from infinitival structures

(2)

Accord and raising

(2)

Hungarian

(4)

Distribution of PI and CI

(2)

Dative case and Accord

(1)

Portuguese and Hungarian compared

(1)

Welsh

(3)

PRO and the status of agreement

(1)

Account of the Welsh distribution

(2)

Modern Greek

(15)

General description

(2)

Control

(1)

Other accounts

(2)

Structure of the Balkan infinitival

(2)

Perception and epistemic complements

100

(2)

Causative complements

102

(1)

Tense contrasts and matrix case attraction

103

(1)

Linearization in matrix clauses

104

(2)

Linearization in embedded clauses

106

(2)

Conclusions

108

(3)

Plain and conjugated infinitives

108

(1)

Reflections on the morphology of control

109

(2)

West Greenlandic

111

(25)

Introduction

111

(1)

The contemporative mood

111

(10)

Agreement marking

111

(2)

Traditional infinitival account

113

(1)

Adjunct clauses

114

(1)

Purposives and quasi-purposives

115

(1)

Object control verbs in a subject control structure

116

(1)

Control in complement structures

117

(1)

Implicit arguments and psychological subjects

118

(2)

Summary: functions and structures of the contemporative

120

(1)

The participial mood

121

(15)

A complementary non-matrix formative

121

(1)

Formation

121

(1)

Relation to the contemporative: coreference and switch reference

122

(1)

Participial functions

123

(1)

Relativization: case and number agreement

123

(1)

Absolute function

124

(1)

Conjugated infinitive

125

(1)

Verb complementation

125

(1)

Factivity, apposition, and subordination

126

(1)

Complements of passivized matrix verb

127

(1)

Declined infinitive

128

(1)

Object complementation with non-structural case

128

(1)

Perception and bridge verb complements

129

(1)

Perception and reflective functions

129

(1)

ECM/raising

130

(2)

Conclusions

132

(1)

The participial mood: overview

132

(1)

Summary by form and function

133

(1)

Contemporative, participial, and switch reference

134

(2)

Small Clauses and ECM

136

(21)

Introduction

136

(1)

Core properties of small clauses

137

(4)

Constituency and predication

137

(1)

Tense and the small clause

138

(1)

Extraction/raising out of small clauses

139

(2)

SC extensions: particle, preposition, complementizer

141

(2)

Affinities between SC particles and prepositions

141

(1)

SC particles and complementizers

142

(1)

SCs and ECM clauses with BE

143

(3)

SCs as structures with null verb BE

143

(2)

Optional merger with BE

145

(1)

Towards an analysis of ECM in English

146

(5)

Evidence for raising: binding theory

146

(2)

Linearization evidence for overt raising

148

(1)

Auxiliaries, states, events, and adverbs of quantification

149

(1)

Tense and eventive predicates

150

(1)

Infinitival complements to reflective verbs in French

151

(6)

Preliminary Description

151

(2)

French RVICs in comparative perspective

153

(1)

An account of the French RVICs

154

(2)

Conclusion

156

(1)

The ECM Innovation in English

157

(30)

Introduction

157

(1)

Recent accounts of the history of ECM

158

(6)

Control and ECM

158

(1)

ECM as a Latinate structure

159

(1)

ECM in glosses and translations

160

(1)

Association of the to-infinitive with ECM

161

(2)

Distinctions among reflective and ECM verbs

163

(1)

SC complements in historical perspective

164

(8)

SC complements to reflective verbs in Indo-European

164

(2)

The small clause in Old English

166

(1)

Extraction/raising out of SCs in Old English

167

(2)

Locationals in SCs

169

(1)

Merger of SCs with BE in Old English

170

(1)

Variation in translating Latin AI constructions

171

(1)

ECM in Late Old English and Middle English

172

(8)

Reflective verb complements in later OE

172

(2)

Verbs that avoided ECM

174

(1)

Continuity of SC complements to reflective verbs in ME

175

(1)

BE-expansion of SCs and evolving contrasts in ME

176

(1)

Verba cogitandi et sciendi

177

(1)

ECM and passive raising

178

(1)

ECM and WH movement

179

(1)

Accord changes in English RVICs

180

(4)

[+Accord] infinitival complements in older English

180

(2)

The change in parameter setting

182

(2)

Conclusions

184

(3)

The rise of ECM

184

(1)

Summary of developments in the history of ECM

185

(2)

Infinitives in Older English

187

(55)

Introduction

187

(1)

Development of the to infinitive

188

(3)

From purposive adjunct to gerundive/infinitive argument

188

(1)

Adjective and verb complementation

189

(2)

Infinitives in Middle English

191

(4)

The three Middle English infinitives and aspect

191

(2)

Purposives

193

(1)

Adjectival complements

194

(1)

Noun complementation

195

(1)

Dative and infinitive

195

(6)

Old English

195

(2)

Middle English

197

(1)

Dative as infinitival subject

198

(1)

Optional case assigners

198

(2)

Infinitives with lexical subject

200

(1)

The for NP to INF reanalysis

201

(6)

Early examples

201

(1)

Synchronic alternations in Middle English

202

(1)

For to INF and For NP to INF

203

(2)

Reprise and conclusion

205

(2)

The interaction of adjectives and infinitives

207

(12)

Major adjectival classes

207

(2)

Groups I and II and evaluative gerundials

209

(3)

Group I adjectives: the null operator analysis

212

(1)

Group II adjectives: null operator or movement?

213

(2)

Group I structures in Old and Middle English

215

(1)

Tough structures in Old English

216

(1)

Middle English changes in tough structures

217

(2)

Infinitival relatives and purposives

219

(9)

Modern English

219

(2)

Purposives and infinitival relatives in Old English

221

(4)

Purposives and infinitival relatives in Middle English

225

(1)

Purposives, infinitival relatives, and tough structures: conclusion

226

(2)

Structural evidence for the position of to

228

(6)

The split infinitive: Modern English

228

(1)

The split infinitive in Middle English

229

(2)

Adjunction, gapping, and deletion

231

(2)

The passive infinitive

233

(1)

Discussion of the Middle English changes

234

(8)

The TLI and the to infinitive

234

(1)

Changes in the status of infinitival to

235

(1)

When did the category change of infinitival to occur?

236

(3)

Conclusion

239

(3)

The -Ing Participle and Perception Complements

242

(40)

Introduction

242

(1)

Direct and indirect perception

242

(8)

The to-infinitive and the TLI contrasted

242

(3)

Perception predicates: event vs. proposition

245

(2)

The TLI as perception verb complement: against a bare VP shell

247

(1)

Elaborated VP shell structure of the TLI as PVC

248

(2)

-ing as a perception verb complement

250

(8)

Problems with the -ing formation

250

(3)

Perception and control structures

253

(3)

The TLI and -ing PVC compared

256

(2)

Other constructions of the present participle

258

(5)

Participial adjuncts and reduced relatives

258

(1)

Gerundive relatives in English and elsewhere

259

(1)

The structure of participials and -ing PVCs

260

(3)

PVCs in Old and Middle English

263

(3)

Aspect: infinitive and participle (Old English)

263

(1)

TLI and present participle (Middle English)

264

(2)

Development of the English progressive

266

(13)

Characterization of the progressive

266

(2)

Participles with BE in Ælfric and the Gospels

268

(2)

Aspectual and discourse functions

270

(1)

The (pre)progressive in Old and Early Middle English

271

(2)

PrP and progressive in Middle English (Chaucer)

273

(2)

Grammaticalization, ergativity, and passivity

275

(2)

Syntactic overlap, motivation, and change

277

(2)

Conclusions

279

(3)

PrP and TLI

279

(3)

English Gerundials

282

(33)

Introduction

282

(1)

Gerundials in Modern English

283

(16)

Gerundive, gerund, and -ing nouns

283

(1)

Structure of the ACC-ING gerundive

284

(2)

The gerund

286

(1)

The PRO-ING and POSS-ING gerundives

287

(2)

The clausal structure of POSS-ING

289

(1)

Assignment/checking of genitive case

290

(2)

POSS-ING and factivity

292

(4)

Other DP traits of POSS-ING

296

(1)

More evidence for DP-MP: the Hebrew gerund

297

(2)

Evaluatives and verbs of requirement

299

(7)

Gerundial complements of evaluative predicates

299

(3)

Gerundial complements of verbs of requirement

302

(1)

Retroactive gerundives and nominals

303

(1)

Active and passive gerundives: conclusion

304

(2)

Infinitive and gerundial: case theory predictions

306

(9)

Comp positions and case assignment

306

(3)

Intervening material and case assignment

309

(1)

Absolute constructions

310

(2)

Residual problems and conclusions

312

(3)

History of English Gerundials

315

(36)

Introduction

315

(1)

Development of the gerund in Old English

316

(5)

The gerund in late West Saxon

316

(1)

The changing distribution of -ing and -ung

317

(2)

Diffusion of -ing from the old Danelaw

319

(2)

The gerund as object of a preposition

321

(6)

Native Old English origin and expansion

321

(1)

Syntactic continuity in Lazamon

322

(1)

The BE ON -ING syntagma in Early Middle English

323

(2)

Influence from other languages

325

(2)

Nouns in -ing and gerundials in Middle English (Chaucer)

327

(9)

Nonverbal nouns

327

(1)

Gerund (nominal)

328

(2)

Gerund modifiers and compounding

330

(1)

Thematic role, voice, and the gerund

331

(1)

Gerundive

332

(3)

Competition between infinitive and gerundive

335

(1)

Origin and development of the gerundive

336

(9)

Potential sources and the problem of evidence

336

(2)

Earliest attested gerundives: Late Old English

338

(2)

Gerundives in -ing in Early Middle English

340

(1)

The gerundive in Classical Middle English

341

(1)

Gerundives in the colloquial language of the fifteenth century

342

(2)

The fifteenth century reconsidered

344

(1)

Subsequent history of the gerundive

345

(6)

Early Modern English

345

(2)

The modern period

347

(1)

Conclusions

348

(3)

Infinitive, Gerundive, Participle

351

(32)

Introduction

351

(1)

Gerund and infinitive

352

(2)

Ælfric's grammar

352

(2)

Infinitive and fixture participle

354

(5)

The tocymende/tocomyng type

354

(2)

Infinitive and gerundive in to -ende/-inge

356

(3)

The deontic infinitive/gerundial with BE

359

(5)

The D/NP-movement type

359

(2)

The deontic infinitive with WH movement

361

(2)

Historical overview of the deontic infinitive

363

(1)

Competing gerundial formations

364

(5)

The gerundial in -ende/-and

364

(3)

Prepositional infinitives

367

(1)

Participle, infinitive, and gerundial: summary

368

(1)

Overlapping of morpholexical categories

369

(4)

Early clausal adaptation of -ing

369

(1)

Participle and gerundial

370

(2)

Participle and infinitive

372

(1)

Conclusions

373

(10)

Morphological generalizations across categories

373

(2)

Supercategories in typological perspective

375

(1)

Chronology of changes in English nonfinite structures

376

(4)

Final generalizations

380

(3)

PRIMARY SOURCES: TEXTS IN OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH

383

(19)

English Texts and Editions

383

(1)

Special Letters and Symbols

383

(1)

Special Abbreviations

383

(1)

English Text Abbreviations

383

(2)

Old English

385

(8)

Ælfric, Ælfric's Colloquy

Bede, Beowulf, Chronicle

Cura Pastoralis, Durham Ritual

Gospels, Gregory's Dialogues, Laws

Orosius, Rule St Benet, Soliloquies of St Augustine

Vespasian Psalter, Wulfstan

Late Old English/Early Middle English [1100-1175]

393

(1)

Sermo in Festis Sanctae Mariae Virginis, Peterborough

Chronicle, (Late) West Saxon Gospel, Lambeth Homilies

Early Middle English [1175-1200]

393

(1)

Ormulum

Trinity Homilies, Lazamon, Ancrene Wisse

[1200-1225]

394

(1)

Vices and Virtues, The Katherine Group

Pe Wohunge of Ure Lauerd

[1225-1275)

395

(1)

King Horn, The Owl and the Nightingale, Bestiary, Kentish Sermons

[1275-1310]

396

(1)

Kyng Alisaunder, Northern Homilies, Havelok, Robert Mannyng of Brunne

[1310-1350]

397

(1)

Ayenbite of Inwyt, Cursor Mundi

Richard Rolle

Classical Middle English [1350-1385]

398

(1)

Earliest Complete English Prose Psalter, Alexander and Dindimus, Romaunt of the Rose, Piers Plowman

Usk, Testament of Love

[1385-1400]

399

(3)

Chaucer, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; Cleanness/Purity, Patience, Pearl

Wyclif, Morte Arthure, The Cloud of Unknowing

Late Middle English [1400-1450]

Laces Makyng, London Grocers' Company Records, Promptorium Parvulorum

Catholicon Anglicum, Sir Thomas Malory

Editions of Older English Texts

402

(6)

References

408

(45)

Language Index

453

(4)

Subject Index

457

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Nonfinite Structures in Theory and Change

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials