Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis

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ISBN: 9780849309618 | 0849309611
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/26/2001

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Noninvasive medical diagnosis (NIMD) is as old as medical practice itself. From the earliest healers' observations of odors, skin color, and breath sounds to today's wealth of technologies, the basics remain the same and keep the role of NIMD essential to effective medical care.Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis is the first book dedicated to NIMD tools and techniques. Featuring emerging technologies along with traditional instruments, it describes how these non-invasive tools and techniques work and explores developments that will make NIMD simpler, more reliable, less expensive, and risk-free. Much of the material is descriptive, but the author includes rigorous mathematical analysis where appropriate. The treatment is readily accessible to readers with a background in basic algebra and ordinary differential equations, basic circuit theory, and concepts such as frequency response and transient response of linear systems.The rapid evolution of biomedical instrumentation has meant that books just five years old are already outdated. Whether used for an upper-level, biomedical engineering class or as a reference for medical students, healthcare professional, physicists, or physiologists, Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis stands alone in presenting the state of NIMD art and science.

Introduction to Noninvasive Measurement

(6)

Definition of Noninvasive Measurements, Minimally Invasive Measurements, and Invasive Measurements

(1)

Modalities of NI Instrumentation

(3)

Summary

(2)

Visual Inspection of Tissues Using Endoscopes and Other Optical Devices

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Ophthalmoscopes, Slit Lamps and Otoscopes

(4)

Ophthalmoscopes

(2)

Slit Lamps

(1)

Otoscopes

(1)

Endoscopes

(8)

CCD Cameras

(3)

Noninvasive Diagnosis of Skin Lesions

(3)

Introduction

(1)

Malignant Melanoma

(2)

Discussion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Noninvasive Diagnosis Using Sounds from Within the Body

(30)

Introduction

(9)

Background

(1)

Stethoscopes

(1)

Microphones

(4)

Acoustic Coupling

(3)

Discussion

(1)

Means of Analysis for Acoustic Signals

(8)

Introduction

(1)

The Discrete Fourier Transform and the Power Density Spectrum

(4)

Time-Frequency Analysis for Transient Sounds

(3)

Discussion

(1)

Heart Sounds

(5)

Introduction

(3)

Abnormal Heart Sounds

(1)

Discussion

(1)

Breath Sounds

(4)

Introduction

(3)

Abnormal Breath Sounds

(1)

Discussion

(1)

Otoacoustic Emissions

(3)

Introduction

(2)

Otoacoustic Testing

(1)

Discussion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Measurement of Electrical Potentials and Magnetic Fields from the Body Surface

(94)

Introduction

(1)

Electrodes

(6)

Introduction

(1)

The Electrode Half Cell Potential

(1)

Equivalent Circuits for AgCl Skin Electrodes

(1)

Dry Electrodes

(1)

Invasive Electrodes

(2)

Biopotential Amplifiers

(31)

Introduction

(1)

Single-Ended Amplifiers

(1)

Differential Amplifiers

(5)

Op Amps Used for Signal Conditioning

(4)

Noise and Low Noise Amplifiers

(13)

Medical Isolation Amplifiers

(5)

Driven-Leg ECG Amplifiers

(3)

Discussion

(1)

The ECG

(12)

Introduction

(2)

Electrode Placements

(3)

Vector Cardiography

100

(5)

ECG Analysis, Feature Extraction and Diagnosis

105

(2)

Discussion

107

(1)

The EMG

107

(8)

Introduction

107

(1)

The Origin of EMGs

107

(5)

EMG Amplifiers

112

(1)

What EMGs Can Tell Us

112

(2)

Discussion

114

(1)

The Electroencephalogram (EEG)

115

(14)

Introduction

115

(1)

Sources and Classification of the EEG

115

(2)

EEG Recording Systems

117

(1)

Two-Dimensional Spatial Sampling of Scalp EEG Potentials by Electrode Arrays

118

(5)

EEG Amplifiers, Interfaces and Signal Processing

123

(2)

Event Related Potentials and Signal Averaging

125

(2)

Discussion

127

(2)

Other Body Surface Potentials

129

(9)

Introduction

129

(1)

The Electrooculogram

129

(2)

The Electroretinogram

131

(3)

The Electrocochleogram

134

(3)

Discussion

137

(1)

The Magnetoencephalogram

138

(10)

Introduction

138

(2)

The SQUID and SQUID Arrays

140

(6)

Other BioMagnetic Measurements

146

(1)

Discussion

147

(1)

Summary

148

(3)

Noninvasive Measurement of Blood Pressure

151

(6)

Introduction

151

(1)

The Cuff Sphygmomanometer

152

(2)

Other Means of Estimating Blood Pressure Noninvasively

154

(1)

Summary

155

(2)

Body Temperature Measurements

157

(16)

Introduction

157

(1)

Conductive Heat Transfer and Thermometer Response Time

158

(3)

The LIR Blackbody Thermometer

161

(10)

Introduction

161

(1)

The Physics of Blackbody Radiation

161

(4)

Temperature Measurement with Pyroelectric Materials

165

(4)

The Thermoscan LIR Thermometers

169

(2)

Discussion

171

(1)

Summary

171

(2)

Nonvasive Blood Gas Sensing with Electrodes

173

(10)

Introduction

173

(1)

Transcutaneous Oz Sensing

174

(3)

Introduction: The Clark Electrode

174

(2)

The Transcutaneous tcpO2 Sensor

176

(1)

Transcutaneous CO2 Sensing

177

(3)

Introduction: The Stow-Severinghaus Electrode

177

(2)

Transcutaneous tcpCO2 Sensing

179

(1)

Summary

180

(3)

Tests on Naturally Voided Body Fluids

183

(58)

Introduction

183

(1)

Instrumental Methods

184

(44)

Introduction

184

(1)

Dispersive Spectrophotometry

184

(10)

Nondispersive Spectroscopy

194

(7)

Chemical Analysis by Surface Plasmon Resonance

201

(7)

Ion Selective Electrodes

208

(2)

Flame Photometry

210

(5)

Gas Chromatography

215

(7)

Mass Spectrometry

222

(6)

What Can Be Learned from Urine

228

(4)

What Can Be Learned from the Feces

232

(2)

What Can be Learned from Saliva

234

(1)

What Can Be Learned from the Breath

235

(4)

Summary

239

(2)

Plethysmography

241

(12)

Introduction

241

(1)

Volume Displacement Plethysmography

241

(1)

Impedance Plethysmography

242

(9)

Introduction

242

(1)

Self-Balancing Impedance Plethysmographs

243

(6)

Applications of Impedance Plethysmography

249

(2)

Discussion

251

(1)

Photo-Plethysmography

251

(1)

Summary

252

(1)

Pulmonary Function Tests

253

(12)

Introduction

253

(1)

Spirometers and Related Equipment

254

(3)

Tests with Spirometers

257

(6)

Summary

263

(2)

Measurement of Basal Metabolism

265

(6)

Introduction

265

(1)

The BMR Test Procedure

266

(1)

Summary

267

(4)

Ocular Tonometry

271

(8)

Introduction

271

(2)

The Air-Puff Noncontact Applanation Tonometer

273

(4)

Contact Tonometers

277

(1)

Summary

278

(1)

NI Tests Involving the Input of Audible Sound Energy

279

(22)

Introduction

279

(3)

Acoustic Impedance Measurement of the Respiratory System

282

(4)

Acoustic Impedance Measurement of the Eardrum (Tympanometry)

286

(7)

Transthoracic Acoustic Transfer Function as a Possible Measure of Lung Condition

293

(6)

Introduction

293

(2)

Transthoracic Propagation of Broadband Acoustic Noise to Evaluate Pulmonary Health

295

(3)

The Use of White Noise Sound Introduced into the Oral Airway to Assess Lung Condition

298

(1)

Discussion

298

(1)

Summary

299

(2)

NI Tests Using Ultrasound (Excluding Imaging)

301

(42)

Introduction

301

(1)

The Doppler Effect

302

(1)

Doppler Ultrasound for Blood and Tissue Velocity Measurements

303

(16)

Angle-Dependent CW Blood Velocity Magnitude Measurement

303

(4)

A Directional CW Doppler System

307

(4)

Angle-Independent, CW Doppler Velocimetry

311

(2)

Pulsed Doppler Systems

313

(4)

Discussion

317

(2)

The No-Touch Ocular Pulse Measurement (NOTOPM) System

319

(10)

Introduction

319

(2)

A Closed-Loop Constant Phase No-Touch Means of Measurement of Ocular Pulse

321

(8)

Discussion

329

(1)

The Constant-Phase Closed-Loop Type-1 Ranging System (CPRS)

329

(7)

Introduction

329

(1)

Analysis of a Linear NOTOPM System Using a VPC

330

(5)

Other Applications of the CPRS System Architecture Using Ultrasound

335

(1)

Discussion

336

(1)

Measurement of Tissue Glucose Concentration by Closed-Loop Constant-Phase CW Ultrasound (a Prototype System)

336

(4)

Introduction

336

(1)

An Approximate Model of How c Varies with Density, r

337

(1)

Phase Lag between the Transmitted and Received CW Ultrasound Waves

338

(1)

Systems Block Diagram for the Constant-Phase Glucose Sensor System

338

(2)

Discussion

340

(1)

Summary

340

(3)

Noninvasive Applications of Photon Radiation (Excluding Imaging)

343

(70)

Introduction

343

(2)

Bone Densitometry

345

(4)

Introduction

345

(1)

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorption Method

345

(4)

Discussion

349

(1)

Noninvasive Diagnosis by Tissue Fluorescence

349

(5)

Introduction

349

(1)

Properties of Fluorescent Molecules

350

(2)

Fluorescence in NI Cancer Diagnosis

352

(2)

Discussion

354

(1)

Optical Interferometric Measurement of Nanometer Displacements of Biological Surfaces

354

(10)

Introduction

354

(3)

Measurement of Tympanal Membrane Displacement by Fizeau Interferometer

357

(2)

Measurement of Skin Vibration by Optical Interferometry

359

(5)

Discussion

364

(1)

Laser Doppler Velocimetry

364

(11)

Principles of Laser Doppler Velocimetry

364

(2)

LDV Applied to Retinal Blood Vessels

366

(5)

LDV Applied to Skin and other Tissues

371

(4)

Discussion

375

(1)

Transcutaneous IR Spectroscopy

375

(10)

Introduction

375

(2)

Direct Measurement of Blood Glucose with IR Spectrosopy

377

(2)

Transcutaneous IR Measurement of Glucose

379

(5)

Discussion

384

(1)

Estimation of Blood Glucose from NI Measurement of Optical Rotation of the Aqueous Humor (a Prototype System)

385

(12)

Introduction

385

(1)

The Open-Loop Gilham Microdegree Polarimeter

386

(4)

Dynamics and Sensitivity of the Closed-Loop Polarimeter

390

(3)

Application of the Modified Gilham Polarimeter to the Measurement of the Optical Rotation of Aqueous Humor in a Model System

393

(3)

Discussion

396

(1)

Pulse Oximetry

397

(7)

Introduction

397

(2)

Pulse Oximetry Systems

399

(5)

Discussion

404

(1)

Noninvasive Measurement of Certain Biomolecules by Raman Spectroscopy

404

(9)

Introduction

404

(5)

Diagnostic Applications of Raman Spectroscopy

409

(2)

Discussion

411

(1)

Summary

411

(2)

A Survey of Medical Imaging Systems

413

(76)

Introduction

413

(1)

X-Rays

414

(14)

Introduction

414

(1)

Sources of Medical X-rays

414

(4)

X-Ray Detectors and Recording Media

418

(6)

Mammography

424

(4)

Tomography

428

(12)

Introduction

428

(4)

Formation of Tomograms with the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique

432

(3)

Use of the Radon Transform in Tomography

435

(5)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

440

(5)

Introduction

440

(2)

The PET Process

442

(3)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

445

(7)

Introduction

445

(2)

MRI Physics

447

(3)

How MRI Works

450

(2)

Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT)

452

(10)

Introduction

452

(2)

Radiochemicals Used in SPECT

454

(1)

Scintillation Crystals Used in Nuclear Medicine

455

(1)

Gamma Cameras and Collimators

455

(2)

Future Trends in Nuclear Medical Imaging

457

(5)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

462

(7)

Introduction

462

(2)

How Optical Coherence Tomography Works

464

(2)

Applications of OCT

466

(3)

Ultrasound Imaging

469

(11)

Introduction

469

(1)

The Physics of Ultrasound Propagation in Solids and Liquids

470

(4)

Ultrasound Transducers

474

(4)

Doppler Ultrasound Imaging

478

(2)

Other Imaging Modalities

480

(6)

Introduction

480

(1)

LIR Thermal Imaging of Body Surfaces

481

(3)

Microwave Imaging

484

(1)

Electrical Impedance Tomography

485

(1)

Summary

486

(3)

Future Trends in NI Instrumentation and Measurements

489

(16)

Introduction

489

(2)

Noninvasive Chemical Tests for Cancer Not Involving DNA

491

(3)

Fluorescence Tests for Biomolecules; FISH and SKY

494

(3)

The SpectraCube® System

497

(3)

The DNA Microarray

500

(4)

Summary

504

(1)

Bibliography and References

505

(16)

Index

521

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Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis

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