- ISBN: 9780030625831 | 0030625831
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 2/1/1992
An Introduction to the Study of Nonverbal Communication | p. 1 |
Nonverbal Communication: Basic Perspectives | p. 3 |
Defining Nonverbal Communication | p. 5 |
Encoding | p. 5 |
Decoding | p. 6 |
Classifying Nonverbal Behavior | p. 7 |
The Communication Environment | p. 7 |
Physical Environment | p. 7 |
Spatial Environment | p. 8 |
The Communicators' Physical Characteristics | p. 8 |
Body Movement and Position | p. 8 |
Gestures | p. 8 |
Posture | p. 9 |
Touching Behavior | p. 9 |
Facial Expressions | p. 10 |
Eye Behavior | p. 10 |
Vocal Behavior | p. 10 |
Nonverbal Communication in the Total Communication Process | p. 11 |
Repeating | p. 12 |
Conflicting | p. 13 |
Complementing | p. 16 |
Substituting | p. 16 |
Accenting/Moderating | p. 16 |
Regulating | p. 17 |
The History of Nonverbal Studies | p. 18 |
Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life | p. 22 |
Crime and Punishment | p. 23 |
Televised Politics | p. 24 |
Classroom Behavior | p. 27 |
Courtship Behavior | p. 28 |
Summary | p. 30 |
The Roots of Nonverbal Behavior | p. 40 |
The Development of Nonverbal Behavior Across Evolutionary Time: Phylogeny | p. 42 |
Evidence from Sensory Deprivation | p. 43 |
Evidence from Infants | p. 44 |
Evidence from Twin Studies | p. 51 |
Evidence from Nonhuman Primates | p. 53 |
Evidence from Multicultural Studies | p. 62 |
Summary | p. 66 |
The Ability to Receive and Send Nonverbal Signals | p. 71 |
Methods for Improving Nonverbal Skills | p. 73 |
Measuring Accuracy of Decoding and Encoding Nonverbal Cues | p. 76 |
Standardized Tests of Decoding Ability | p. 78 |
Characteristics of Skilled Nonverbal Receivers | p. 82 |
Gender | p. 83 |
Other Personal Correlates of Receiving Accuracy | p. 84 |
Task Factors Affecting Nonverbal Receiving Accuracy | p. 88 |
Characteristics of Accurate Nonverbal Senders | p. 89 |
The Relationship between Sending and Receiving Skills | p. 92 |
On Being an Observer of Nonverbal Communication | p. 93 |
The Fallibility of Human Perception | p. 95 |
Summary | p. 97 |
The Communication Environment | p. 107 |
The Effects of the Environment on Human Communication | p. 109 |
Perceptions of Our Surroundings | p. 111 |
Perceptions of Formality | p. 112 |
Perceptions of Warmth | p. 112 |
Perceptions of Privacy | p. 112 |
Perceptions of Familiarity | p. 112 |
Perceptions of Constraint | p. 113 |
Perceptions of Distance | p. 113 |
Reacting to Environments | p. 113 |
Perceptions of Time | p. 114 |
Time as Location | p. 115 |
Time as Duration | p. 116 |
Time as Intervals | p. 116 |
Time as Patterns of Intervals | p. 116 |
The Natural Environment | p. 117 |
Other People in the Environment | p. 119 |
Architectural Design and Movable Objects | p. 121 |
Color | p. 123 |
Sound | p. 125 |
Lighting | p. 126 |
Movable Objects | p. 127 |
Structure and Design | p. 129 |
Regulating Environments and Communication | p. 134 |
Summary | p. 135 |
The Effects of Territory and Personal Space on Human Communication | p. 143 |
The Concept of Territoriality | p. 143 |
Territoriality Invasion and Defense | p. 144 |
Density and Crowding | p. 148 |
The Effects of High Density | p. 150 |
Coping with High Density | p. 151 |
Conversational Distance | p. 152 |
Sex | p. 155 |
Age | p. 157 |
Cultural and Ethnic Background | p. 157 |
Topic or Subject Matter | p. 158 |
Setting for the Interaction | p. 159 |
Physical Characteristics | p. 159 |
Attitudinal and Emotional Orientation | p. 159 |
Characteristics of the Interpersonal Relationship | p. 160 |
Personality Characteristics | p. 161 |
Seating Behavior and Spatial Arrangements in Small Groups | p. 161 |
Leadership | p. 161 |
Dominance | p. 163 |
Task | p. 163 |
Sex and Acquaintance | p. 164 |
Introversion-Extraversion | p. 166 |
Summary | p. 168 |
The Communicators | p. 177 |
The Effects of Physical Characteristics on Human Communication | p. 179 |
Our Body: Its General Attractiveness | p. 180 |
Dating and Marriage | p. 181 |
On the Job | p. 184 |
Persuading Others | p. 184 |
Self-Esteem | p. 185 |
Antisocial Behavior | p. 186 |
The Power of Physical Attractiveness: Some Important Qualifications | p. 187 |
The Effects of Interaction | p. 187 |
The Effects of Other Factors | p. 188 |
Changing Standards over Time | p. 188 |
Our Body: Its Specific Features | p. 189 |
The Face | p. 189 |
Body Shape | p. 192 |
Height | p. 197 |
Body Image | p. 199 |
Body Color | p. 200 |
Body Smell | p. 201 |
Body Hair | p. 203 |
Our Body: Clothes and Other Artifacts | p. 206 |
Clothing and Communication | p. 207 |
Functions of Clothing | p. 209 |
Clothing as Information about the Person | p. 210 |
Effects of Clothing on the Wearer | p. 211 |
Clothing and Personality | p. 211 |
Artifacts and Body Decoration | p. 213 |
Summary | p. 214 |
The Communicators' Behavior | p. 227 |
The Effects of Gesture and Posture on Human Communication | p. 229 |
Speech-Independent Gestures | p. 230 |
Speech-Related Gestures | p. 241 |
Referent-Related Gestures | p. 241 |
Speaker's-Relationship-to-the-Referent Gestures | p. 244 |
Punctuation Gestures | p. 245 |
Interactive Gestures | p. 245 |
The Coordination of Gesture, Posture, and Speech | p. 250 |
Self-Synchrony | p. 250 |
Interaction Synchrony | p. 253 |
Summary | p. 260 |
The Effects of Touch on Human Communication | p. 272 |
Touching and Human Development | p. 273 |
Who Touches Whom, Where, and How Much? | p. 275 |
Different Types of Touching Behavior | p. 280 |
The Meanings and Impact of Interpersonal Touch | p. 284 |
Touch as Positive Affect | p. 285 |
Touch as Negative Affect | p. 285 |
Touch as Play | p. 285 |
Touch as Influence | p. 286 |
Touch as Interaction Management | p. 286 |
Touch as Physiological Stimulus | p. 286 |
Touch as Interpersonal Responsiveness | p. 286 |
Touch as Task Related | p. 287 |
Touch as Healing | p. 287 |
Touch as Symbolism | p. 288 |
Contextual Factors in the Meaning of Interpersonal Touch | p. 289 |
Touch--A Powerful Unconscious Force in Interaction | p. 290 |
Cultural Differences in Touching Behavior | p. 292 |
Self-Touching | p. 293 |
Summary | p. 297 |
The Effects of the Face on Human Communication | p. 305 |
The Face and Personality Judgments | p. 305 |
The Face and Interaction Management | p. 306 |
Channel Control | p. 307 |
Complementing or Qualifying Other Behavior | p. 307 |
Replacing Spoken Messages | p. 307 |
The Face and Expressions of Emotion | p. 308 |
The Face--A Complex Stimulus | p. 309 |
The Facial Emotion Controversy | p. 313 |
Measuring the Face | p. 315 |
Judging Facial Expressions of Emotion | p. 322 |
Emotions Inferred from the Face | p. 326 |
Physiology and the Face | p. 330 |
The Social Impact of Facial Expressions | p. 335 |
Summary | p. 338 |
The Effects of Eye Behavior on Human Communication | p. 347 |
Gaze and Mutual Gaze | p. 349 |
Functions of Gazing | p. 350 |
Regulating the Flow of Communication | p. 351 |
Monitoring Feedback | p. 352 |
Reflecting Cognitive Activity | p. 352 |
Expressing Emotions | p. 353 |
Communicating the Nature of the Interpersonal Relationship | p. 355 |
Conditions Influencing Gazing Patterns | p. 360 |
Distance | p. 360 |
Physical Characteristics | p. 360 |
Personal and Personality Characteristics | p. 361 |
Topics and Tasks | p. 363 |
Cultural Background and Racial Attitudes | p. 365 |
Pupil Dilation and Constriction | p. 366 |
Summary | p. 369 |
The Effects of Vocal Cues That Accompany Spoken Words | p. 379 |
The Ingredients of Paralanguage | p. 381 |
Vocal Cues and Speaker Recognition | p. 384 |
Vocal Cues and Personality | p. 386 |
Vocal Cues and Group Perceptions | p. 390 |
Vocal Cues and Judgments of Sociodemographic Characteristics | p. 392 |
Sex | p. 392 |
Age | p. 393 |
Social Class/Status | p. 394 |
Target Effects | p. 394 |
Vocal Cues and Emotion | p. 395 |
Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Persuasion | p. 400 |
Vocal Cues, Comprehension, and Retention | p. 401 |
Vocal Cues and Persuasion | p. 402 |
Vocal Cues and Turn Taking in Conversations | p. 403 |
Turn Yielding | p. 404 |
Turn Requesting | p. 404 |
Turn Maintaining | p. 404 |
Turn Denying | p. 405 |
Hesitations, Pauses, Silence, and Speech | p. 405 |
Location or Placement of Pauses | p. 405 |
Types of Pauses | p. 406 |
Reasons Why Pauses Occur | p. 407 |
Response Latency and Talking Time | p. 407 |
Silence | p. 408 |
Summary | p. 410 |
Communicating Important Messages | p. 421 |
Putting It All Together: Multisignal Messages | p. 423 |
Communicating Intimacy | p. 424 |
Communicating Dominance/Status | p. 429 |
Managing the Interaction | p. 433 |
Greeting Behavior | p. 433 |
Turn-Taking Behavior | p. 434 |
Leave-Taking Behavior | p. 437 |
Communicating Our Identity | p. 438 |
Personal Identity | p. 439 |
Social Identity | p. 441 |
Deceiving Others | p. 443 |
A Perspective for Communicators | p. 446 |
Credits | p. 459 |
Author Index | p. 461 |
Subject Index | p. 477 |
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