Notes from the Minefield

Gendzier provides a comprehensive account of post-World War II U.S. policy in the Middle East and posits that the politics of oil and pipelines figured far more significantly in U.S. relations with Lebanon than previously believed.

List of Maps and Illustrations

xi

Preface

xiii

Preface to the 2006 Edition

xvii

PART I The Setting of U.S. Policy

1. The Dynamic of Collaborative Intervention

3

(18)

The U.S.-Lebanon Connection

3

(8)

The Myth of Surrogate Intervention

11

(4)

Confessionalism as Ideology

15

(6)

2. U.S. Postwar Policy and the Middle East

21

(22)

Opening Doors in the Middle East

21

(8)

Oil Politics and Policy

29

(5)

1947-1952: The Local as Regional and International

34

(9)

3. Learning Lebanon: A Primer

43

(22)

Beirut: Aspects of Economic Growth

43

(6)

The Organization of the "Weak State"

49

(6)

In Practice

55

(10)

PART II Formative Years in the Evolution of U.S. Policy: 1944-1952

4. Alternating Currents of Criticism and Conformity

65

(25)

Habits of Dependence

65

(15)

Who Rules? The Anatomy of Power and Wealth

80

(10)

5. The Foundations of U.S. Policy, PACLIFT: Petroleum, Aviation, Commerce, Labor, Intelligence, and the Friendship Treaty

90

(25)

Notify After Burning: Petroleum, Pipelines, and Refineries

90

(11)

Aviation

101

(6)

U.S. Commercial Interests and the FCN Treaty

107

(8)

6. Altered Circumstances and the Design of U.S. Political Strategy

115

(28)

The "Labor Game"

115

(8)

Fickle Contingencies

123

(5)

The End of Neutralism

128

(15)

PART III The Eisenhower Administration and the Sham'un Regime: A Policy of Information and Consent

7. Pressure Points and Priorities

143

(17)

Transitions in Beirut and Washington

143

(8)

Eisenhower and Dulles: Changing the Guard in the Middle East, 1953-1957

151

(9)

8. Lebanon: The "Bridgehead in the Orient"

160

(21)

Oil and Politics: The Sacred and the Profane

160

(11)

Kamil Sham'un in Command

171

(10)

9. Realities of Power in the "Rear Area"

181

(21)

Beirut Seeking Assistance

181

(10)

Seeing Red

191

(5)

National Development Versus Profitable Developments

196

(6)

10. Our Man in Beirut

202

(27)

"The Best Possible President"

202

(8)

Fatal Predicaments

210

(5)

The Opposition and the Election

215

(14)

PART IV Intervening Before Intervention

11. Civil War, May 1958

229

(35)

The Question of Presidential Succession

229

(24)

Interests, Pressures, and Policies

253

(11)

12. Doubt, Deliberation, and Preparation

264

(31)

The Missing Evidence

264

(8)

The June Days

272

(8)

The United States Versus Lebanon

280

(15)

PART V The Minefield Explodes: U.S. Military Intervention

13. 11,000 Sorties in Search of a Target

295

(43)

Iraq, Lebanon, the United States, and Great Britain: Reflections on Connections

295

(9)

Operation Blue Bat

304

(18)

Deception and Self-Deception: Keeping Congress Uninformed

322

(16)

14. By Mutual Consent: July–October 1958

338

(27)

The Candidate

338

(10)

Fixing the Cabinet

348

(9)

Withdrawal and Compensation

357

(8)

Epilogue: 1958 in Retrospect

365

(14)

Notes

379

(44)

Bibliography

423

(22)

Index

445

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Notes from the Minefield

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Notes from the Minefield

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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