Novel Sensors And Sensing

"Novel Sensors and Sensing provides an introduction to modern sensor types and sensor signal processing methods, with emphasis placed on the underlying physics and description of the genetic operating principles involved. Supported by sample problems, Matlab simulations and a comprehensive set of exercises, Novel Sensors and Sensing will be a valuable reference for undergraduate and graduate students of physical sciences and engineering, and of great interest to those practitioners in the field of instrumentation who require an introduction to the principles of this new generation of sensors."--BOOK JACKET.

Preface

ix

The instrumentation system

1

(22)

Introduction

1

(2)

The philosophy of measurement

3

(8)

Random errors

3

(3)

Systematic errors

6

(1)

Environmental disturbances

6

(2)

System design and the contribution of errors

8

(3)

The general instrumentation system

11

(1)

The overall transfer function

12

(1)

Dynamic response of the sensor

13

(3)

The measurement system as a series of networks

16

(7)

Bibliography

19

(1)

References

20

(1)

Exercises

20

(3)

Resonator sensors

23

(22)

Introduction

23

(1)

The damped harmonic oscillator

24

(9)

The non-driven oscillator

25

(1)

The driven oscillator

25

(3)

Q factor

28

(3)

Driving techniques

31

(2)

Vibrating wire sensors

33

(1)

Torsionally vibrating rod

34

(1)

Longitudinally vibrating plate

34

(1)

Flexural resonators

35

(2)

Vibrating cylinder

37

(2)

The tuning fork

39

(1)

The double tuning fork structure

39

(1)

Bulk acoustic wave resonator sensors

40

(1)

Thick films

41

(4)

References

43

(1)

Exercises

43

(2)

Semiconductor-based sensors

45

(67)

Introduction

45

(1)

Mechanical microsensors

46

(10)

Using silicon to measure strain

47

(1)

Pressure gauges

48

(2)

Accelerometers

50

(4)

Flow sensors

54

(2)

Angular rate sensors

56

(1)

Surface acoustic wave sensors (SAWS)

56

(5)

Mass and gas/vapour sensors

59

(1)

Temperature sensor

60

(1)

Strain sensor

60

(1)

Magnetic sensor

60

(1)

Conclusion

61

(1)

Chemical microsensors

61

(8)

Ions in solution

62

(1)

Measurement of pH

63

(1)

The ISFET

64

(3)

FET gas sensors

67

(1)

Biosensors

68

(1)

Conclusion

68

(1)

Optical sensors

69

(23)

The wave-particle duality

69

(1)

Definitions and units

69

(4)

Light sources

73

(5)

Sensor types

78

(14)

Temperature sensors

92

(4)

Thermal infrared radiation sensors

92

(1)

Thermistors

93

(2)

Integrated circuit temperature sensors

95

(1)

Detectors of ionizing radiation

96

(6)

Radioactivity and historical developments

96

(2)

Counting and spectra

98

(1)

Absorption processes

98

(1)

Solid-state detectors

99

(3)

Magnetic sensors

102

(10)

Hall effect

102

(2)

Magnetoresistance

104

(1)

Magnetodiode

105

(1)

Magnetotransistor

106

(1)

Bibliography

107

(1)

References

108

(1)

Exercises

109

(3)

Optical fibre sensors

112

(60)

Introduction

112

(1)

The optical waveguide

113

(16)

Principles of propagation

114

(10)

Degradation of transmission in optical fibres

124

(3)

Manufacturing techniques

127

(2)

Comparison of optical fibres with electrical lines

129

(1)

Extrinsic optical fibre sensors

129

(13)

Displacement sensors

129

(3)

Positional encoders

132

(2)

Absorption sensors

134

(2)

Luminescence sensors

136

(2)

Total internal reflection-based sensors

138

(3)

Pyrometers

141

(1)

Intrinsic optical fibre sensors

142

(14)

Physical distortion

142

(1)

Change in optical-path length

143

(5)

Rotation of polarization

148

(8)

Distributed sensing

156

(8)

Sensing mechanisms

157

(3)

Multiplexing

160

(4)

Referencing techniques

164

(8)

References

168

(1)

Exercises

169

(3)

Intelligent sensing

172

(47)

Introduction

172

(2)

Discontinuous-time sampling

174

(1)

Discrete sampling of the measurand

175

(13)

Digital-to-analogue conversion

176

(4)

Analogue-to-digital conversion

180

(8)

PC-based data acquisition boards

188

(3)

Smart sensors

191

(3)

Artificial intelligence in instrumentation

194

(25)

Rule-based expert systems

194

(2)

Fuzzy logic

196

(9)

Artificial neural networks

205

(10)

References

215

(1)

Exercises

216

(3)

Data signal characterization and recovery

219

(41)

Introduction

219

(1)

Classification of data signals

220

(5)

Deterministic data signals

220

(2)

Random data signals

222

(3)

Characterization of random data signals

225

(11)

Mean values and variances

226

(1)

Probability density functions

226

(4)

Multi-variable probabilities, covariance and correlation

230

(1)

The correlation concept for time-dependent signals

231

(1)

Auto-correlation and spectral density functions

232

(4)

Noise

236

(12)

Origins of noise

236

(2)

Noise reduction techniques

238

(10)

Interference

248

(12)

Sources of interference and coupling mechanisms

248

(3)

Interference reduction techniques

251

(6)

References

257

(1)

Exercises

257

(3)

Novel developments in flow measurement systems

260

(26)

Introduction

260

(5)

Types of flow field

265

(3)

Laminar flow

265

(1)

Turbulent flow

266

(1)

Non-steady flow

267

(1)

The cross-correlation flowmeter

268

(2)

Ultrasound

270

(3)

The Doppler effect

273

(13)

The echo spectrum

275

(2)

Forward and reverse flow

277

(4)

Blood flow measurement

281

(3)

References

284

(1)

Exercises

285

(1)

Answers to exercises

286

(3)

Index

289

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Novel Sensors And Sensing

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