Nuclear Physics Principles and Applications

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ISBN: 9780471979364 | 0471979368
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/15/2001

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This title provides the latest information on nuclear physics. Based on a course entitled Applications of Nuclear Physics. Written from an experimental point of view this text is broadly divided into two parts, firstly a general introduction to Nuclear Physics and secondly its applications. * Includes chapters on practical examples and problems * Contains hints to solving problems which are included in the appendix * Avoids complex and extensive mathematical treatments * A modern approach to nuclear physics, covering the basic theory, but emphasising the many and important applications

Editors' preface to the Manchester Physics Series

xiii

Author's preface

PART 1 PRINCIPLES

(126)

Introduction and Basic Concepts

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Early Discoveries

(2)

Basic Facts and Definitions

(3)

The nucleus and its constituents

(1)

Isotopes, isotones and isobars

(1)

Nuclear mass and energy

(2)

Nuclear Potential and Energy Levels

(5)

Nucleon states in a nucleus

(3)

Energy levels of nuclei

(1)

Occurrence and stability of nuclei

(1)

Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay

(8)

Alpha emission

(1)

Beta emission and electron capture

(2)

Gamma emission and internal conversion

(1)

Rate of radioactive decay

(1)

Radioactive decay chains

(2)

Radioactivity in the environment

(1)

Radioactive dating

(1)

Nuclear Collisions

(13)

Nomenclature

(1)

Probes

(1)

Cross section, differential cross section and reaction rate

(1)

Isotope production

(2)

Examples of nuclear reactions

(5)

Problems 1

(3)

Nuclear Structure

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Nuclear Mass

(9)

The nuclear force

(2)

Semi-empirical mass formula

(3)

Nuclear stability

(4)

Nuclear Shell Model

(5)

Evidence for shell structure

(1)

Independent particle motion and the shell model

(2)

The spin---orbit potential

(2)

Single-Particle Features

(4)

Parity

(1)

Spectra of single-particle or single-hole nuclei

(3)

Collective States

(11)

Vibrational states

(3)

Deformed nuclei

(1)

Rotational states

(2)

Superdeformation

(2)

Problems 2

(2)

Nuclear Instability

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Gamma Emission

(9)

General features and selection rules

(1)

Transition rate

(6)

Internal conversion

(1)

Beta Decay

(10)

Beta-particle energy spectrum

(2)

Allowed transitions

(3)

Forbidden transitions

(2)

Comparison of β-decay rates

(1)

Electron capture

(1)

Alpha Decay

(9)

Semi-classical theory of α decay

(4)

Alpha-particle energies and selection rules

(1)

Transuranic nuclei

(1)

Problems 3

(3)

Nuclear Reactions

(34)

Introduction

(1)

General Features of Nuclear Reactions

(10)

Energy spectra

(2)

Angular distributions

(1)

Cross sections

(7)

Elastic Scattering and Nuclear Size

104

(4)

Electron scattering

104

(2)

Optical model for nuclear scattering

106

(2)

Direct Reactions

108

(5)

Angular momentum transfer in direct reactions

108

(2)

Selectivity in direct reactions

110

(3)

Compound Nucleus Reactions

113

(4)

Resonance in a compound nuclear reaction

114

(2)

Low-energy, neutron-induced fission

116

(1)

Heavy-Ion Reactions

117

(10)

Elastic scattering and direct reactions

118

(2)

Fusion

120

(2)

Deep inelastic reactions and limits to fusion

122

(2)

Problems 4

124

(3)

PART II INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATIONS

127

(198)

Interaction of Radiation with Matter

129

(22)

Introduction

129

(1)

Heavy Charged Particles

129

(5)

Bethe--Bloch formula

130

(1)

Energy dependence

131

(1)

Bragg curve

132

(1)

Projectile dependence

133

(1)

Stopping medium dependence

134

(1)

Electrons

134

(2)

Gamma Rays

136

(6)

Photoelectric effect

138

(1)

Compton scattering

139

(1)

Pair production

140

(1)

Attenuation

141

(1)

Neutrons

142

(9)

Attenuation

143

(1)

Neutron moderation

144

(4)

Problems 5

148

(3)

Detectors and Instrumentation

151

(30)

Introduction

151

(1)

Gas Detectors

152

(4)

Ionization chamber

152

(1)

Proportional counter

153

(2)

Geiger--Mueller counter

155

(1)

Scintillation Detectors

156

(2)

Semiconductor Detectors

158

(4)

The p-n junction detector

160

(2)

The intrinsic detector

162

(1)

Detector Performance for Gamma Rays

162

(4)

Response to monoenergetic photons

162

(2)

Energy resolution

164

(1)

Peak-to-total ratio

165

(1)

Neutron Detectors

166

(2)

Slow-neutron detection

166

(1)

Fast-neutron detection

167

(1)

Particle Identification

168

(3)

E-ΔE counter telescope

168

(1)

Time of flight

168

(1)

Magnetic analysis

169

(2)

Accelerators

171

(10)

DC machines

171

(2)

AC machines

173

(5)

Problems 6

178

(3)

Biological Effects of Radiation

181

(24)

Introduction

181

(1)

Initial Interactions

182

(3)

Direct and indirect physical damage

182

(1)

Indirect chemical damage

183

(2)

Dose, Dose Rate and Dose Distribution

185

(4)

Absorbed dose

185

(1)

Dose rate

185

(1)

Dose distribution and relative biological effectiveness

186

(1)

Equivalent dose

187

(1)

Effective dose

188

(1)

Damage to Critical Tissue

189

(6)

Complex molecules

189

(1)

Nucleic acids and damage repair

190

(2)

Modifying factors

192

(3)

Human Exposure to Radiation

195

(5)

Radiation in the environment

195

(3)

Evaluating the dose

198

(2)

Risk Assessment

200

(5)

Risk to occupationally exposed workers

201

(1)

Problems 7

202

(3)

Industrial and Analytical Applications

205

(28)

Introduction

205

(1)

Industrial Uses

205

(7)

Tracing

205

(2)

Gauging

207

(1)

Material modification

208

(1)

Sterilization

209

(1)

Food preservation

210

(1)

Other applications

211

(1)

Neutron Activation Analysis

212

(3)

Rutherford Backscattering

215

(4)

Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission

219

(4)

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

223

(3)

Significance of Low-Level Counting

226

(7)

Null measurements with zero background

226

(1)

Low-level counting with finite background

227

(2)

Problems 8

229

(4)

Nuclear Medicine

233

(30)

Introduction

233

(1)

Projection Imaging: X-Radiography and the Gamma Camera

234

(4)

Imaging with external radiation

234

(1)

Imaging with internal radiation

235

(3)

Computed Tomography

238

(4)

Positron Emission Tomography

242

(3)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

245

(8)

Principles of MRI

246

(2)

Excitation of a selected region

248

(1)

Readout and MRI image formation

248

(1)

Time variations of the signal

249

(2)

Functional MRI

251

(2)

Radiation Theraphy

253

(10)

Photons and electrons

253

(3)

Radionuclides

256

(1)

Neutron therapy

256

(1)

Heavy charged particles

257

(2)

Problems 9

259

(4)

Power From Fission

263

(36)

Introduction

263

(1)

Characteristics of Fission

264

(5)

Fission and fission products

264

(1)

Fission energy budget

265

(2)

Delayed neutrons

267

(1)

Neutron interactions

267

(1)

Breeder reactions

268

(1)

The Chain Reaction in a Thermal Fission Reactor

269

(7)

A nuclear power plant

269

(2)

The neutron cycle in a thermal reactor

271

(3)

Moderator

274

(1)

Optimizing the design

275

(1)

The Finite Reactor

276

(7)

Diffusion

276

(1)

The continuity equation

277

(1)

Diffusion length

278

(1)

Reactor equation

279

(2)

Solving the reactor equation

281

(2)

Reactor Operation

283

(4)

Reactor power and fuel consumption

283

(1)

Reactor kinetics

284

(1)

Reactor poisoning

285

(2)

Commercial Thermal Reactors

287

(4)

Early gas-cooled reactors

287

(1)

Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR)

288

(1)

Pressurized-water reactor

288

(1)

Boiling-water reactor

289

(1)

Heavy-water reactors

290

(1)

Future of Nuclear Fission Power

291

(8)

The breeder reactor

292

(2)

Accelerator-driven systems

294

(1)

Problems 10

295

(4)

Thermonuclear Fusion

299

(26)

Introduction

299

(1)

Thermonuclear Reactions and Energy Production

300

(2)

Basic reactions and Q values

300

(1)

Cross sections

301

(1)

Fusion in a Hot Medium

302

(3)

Reaction rate

302

(2)

Performance criteria

304

(1)

Progress Towards Fusion Power

305

(8)

Magnetic confinement

306

(5)

Inertial confinement fusion

311

(2)

Fusion in the Early Universe

313

(2)

Stellar Burning

315

(5)

Hydrogen burning

315

(3)

Helium burning

318

(1)

Beyond helium burning

319

(1)

Nucleosynthesis Beyond A ≈ 60

320

(5)

Problems 11

323

(2)

APPENDIX A: Useful Information

325

(4)

A.1 Physical Constants and Derived Quantities

325

(1)

A.2 Masses and Energies

325

(1)

A.3 Conversion Factors

326

(1)

A.4 Useful Formulae

326

(3)

APPENDIX B: Particle in a Square Well

329

(4)

APPENDIX C: Density of States and the Fermi Energy

333

(4)

C.1 Density of states

333

(2)

C.2 Fermi Energy

335

(2)

APPENDIX D: Spherical Harmonics

337

(4)

APPENDIX E: Coulomb Scattering

341

(2)

APPENDIX F: Mass Excesses and Decay Properties of Nuclei

343

(12)

APPENDIX G: Answers and Hints to Problems

355

(24)

References

379

(2)

Bibliography

381

(4)

Index

385

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Nuclear Physics Principles and Applications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials