- ISBN: 9781119237471 | 1119237475
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 2/5/2018
The second edition of the successful and definitive nursing textbook, Nursing Practice is designed to support the student throughout the entire nursing degree. Structured around the latest Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct, it explores a range of clinical and professional issues that the student will need to know, in one complete and accessible volume.
Thoroughly updated and with full-colour, high quality illustrations throughout, this new edition features an additional chapter on the principles of supporting families and carers in practice, advice on revalidation, as well as a number of learning features and activities to help consolidate learning.
Nursing Practice provides invaluable information to enable not just student nurses, but also those who are qualified and members of the extended nursing family, to develop a deeper understanding of their patients’ needs and to ensure that they are practicing safely and effectively.
Ian Peate OBE FRCN is Editor in Chief of the British Journal of Nursing, Visiting Professor of Nursing, St George's University of London and Kingston University London, and Head of School at the School of Health Studies, Gibraltar.
Karen Wild, formerly Senior Lecturer in Nursing, Student Opportunity Lead and Admissions Lead at the School of Health and Society, University of Salford, UK.
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xvi
About the Editors xvii
Contributors xviii
How to Use Your Textbook xxii
About the Companion Website xxiv
Unit 1 Contextualising the Art and Science of Nursing 1
1 Nursing: Past, Present and Future 2
Introduction 3
A Glance at the History of Nursing 4
The Beginnings of the NHS and Nursing 9
Early Nursing Research 10
Modernising Nursing Careers 12
Current Nurse Education 15
The Francis Report 16
The Quality Assurance Framework for Nursing and Midwifery 18
The NHS and Healthcare Reform 19
Conclusion 21
Key Points 22
Glossary 22
References 22
2 The Professional Nurse and Contemporary Healthcare 24
Introduction 25
Teaching and Learning in Practice 30
Theoretical Frameworks for Teaching and Learning 33
The Adult Learner 37
Revalidation and Continuing Professional Development 38
Leadership Styles and Theories 40
Evidence-based Practice 42
Change Management 44
Clinical Governance 45
Interprofessional Working 46
Working in Collaboration with Patients 46
Conclusion 47
Key Points 47
Glossary 48
References 48
3 Health Promotion 50
Introduction 51
Health Promotion 51
Interpersonal Skills for Nursing and Health Promotion 57
Motivational Interviewing and Brief Interventions 57
Models of Health Promotion 58
Frameworks for Supporting Health 59
The Contemporary Focus of Health Promotion 62
Travel Health 67
Conclusion 68
Key Points 69
Glossary 69
References 69
4 Public Health 71
Introduction 72
Setting the Scene for Public Health in the UK 72
Public Health England 76
Health Inequalities 76
Epidemiology and Public Health 80
Health Protection 81
Primary Care Nursing 82
District Nursing 82
Community Matrons 84
Health Visitor and School Health Advisor 85
Conclusion 88
Key Points 88
Glossary 88
References 89
Unit 2 The Elements of Care 91
5 Ethics, the Law and the Nurse 92
Introduction 93
Approaches to Ethics 95
Ethical Principles 97
Legal and Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing 98
Legal Perspectives 102
Accountability 106
Conclusion 109
Key Points 109
Glossary 109
References 110
6 The Nursing Process 111
Introduction 112
Defining Nursing 112
Organisational Models of Care 114
The Nursing Process 118
A Systematic Approach 119
Patient Goals 121
Nursing Goals: A Lost Art? 121
Writing the Care Plan 122
How Does ‘Intentional Rounding’ Fit In? 124
Compassion 125
Conclusion 126
Key Points 126
Glossary 126
References 127
7 Models of Nursing 129
Introduction 130
Nursing Theory 130
History and Principles 132
A Framework for Children’s Nursing 135
The Tidal Model in Mental Health Nursing 136
The Art and Science of Nursing 138
Patient-centred Care and Safety 140
Conclusion 142
Key Points 143
Glossary 143
References 143
Unit 3 The Principles of Care 147
8 The Principles of Safeguarding and Dignity 148
Introduction 149
What Is Safeguarding? 149
Principles of Safeguarding 149
What Is Abuse or Harm? 153
Safeguarding Is Everybody’s Business 155
Policy Framework for Safeguarding Adults 155
Responding to Disclosures 156
Key Stages of the Adult Safeguarding Process 157
Preventing the Abuse of Adults at Risk 160
What Is Dignity? 162
What Is Respect? 163
Thinking About and Understanding Dignity 163
Types of Dignity 165
Essence of Care 2010 168
Influencing Dignity in Care Practice 168
Conclusion 168
Key Points 169
Glossary 169
References 169
9 The Principles of Older People’s Care 171
Introduction 172
Attitudes and Stereotyping 172
Effective Communication 173
Patient-centred Care 175
The Older Person’s Nutritional Needs 178
Pressure Ulcer Prevention 182
Falls Prevention 183
After a Fall 185
Discharge Planning 186
Key Points 189
Glossary 189
References 189
10 The Principles of Caring for People with Learning Disabilities and/or Autism 193
Introduction 194
Definitions of Learning Disabilities 195
Autistic Spectrum Conditions Defined 196
Prevalence and Causes of Learning Disabilities 197
Classification of Learning Disability 197
Inequalities in Health Care 198
Attitudes Towards People with Learning Disabilities 199
Supporting Access to Services 199
Communication 203
Legal Aspects 205
Safeguarding 206
Conclusion 208
Key Points 208
Glossary 208
References 208
11 Principles of Caring for Children and Families 210
Introduction 211
The Key Stages in Relation to the Development of Infants, Children and Young People 211
A Range of Communication Strategies 214
Some Common Physical and Mental Health Problems 218
Basic/Fundamental Care Needs 223
The Importance of Acting to Protect Infants, Children and Young People 227
Identifying Signs of Deterioration in General Health 229
Best Practice Relating to End of Life Care 232
Key Points 233
Glossary 233
References 234
12 The Principles of Caring for People with Mental Health Problems 236
Introduction 237
Policy Content 237
What Is Mental Disorder? 238
Settings for Mental Health Care 240
Recovery 241
Holism 241
Caring for Carers 242
Comprehensive Assessment in Mental Health 242
The Physical Health of People with Mental Health Problems 243
Risk Assessment and Management 244
Legal Context 246
Therapeutic Nursing Care 247
Conclusion 249
Key Points 249
Glossary 250
References 250
13 The Principles of Maternity Care 254
Introduction 255
The Role of the Midwife in Maternity Care 255
Overview of the Physiology of Pregnancy 255
Overview of Antenatal Care 256
Overview of Intranatal Care 260
Midwifery Care in Normal Labour 262
Unexpected and Rapid Deliveries 263
Initial Care of the Mother and Baby after Birth 263
Overview of Postnatal Care: Mother 264
Health and Advice in the Postnatal Period 265
Care of the Neonate after Birth 266
Infant Feeding 267
Conclusion 268
Key Points 268
Glossary 268
References 269
14 The Principles of Surgical Care 270
Introduction 271
The Classification of Surgery and Risk 271
The Phases of Surgery 272
Complications of Surgery 280
Further Care of the Surgical Patient 282
Discharge 284
Day-case Surgery 285
Conclusion 285
Key Points 285
Glossary 286
References 286
15 The Principles of Cancer Care 288
Introduction 289
Pathophysiology 290
Signs and Symptoms 291
Investigations and Diagnosis 292
Treatment of Cancer 293
Other Problems Resulting from All Cancer Therapies 303
Survivorship 303
End of Life Care 305
Conclusion 305
Key Points 305
Glossary 305
References 306
16 The Principles of Infection Control 307
Introduction 308
Development of Infection Control Practices 308
Preventing the Spread of Infection 309
Common Healthcare-associated Infections 314
Antimicrobial Resistance 319
Care and Treatment for People with Infectious
Diseases 319
Diagnostic Tests and Treatment 325
Technology and Infection Control 328
Conclusion 329
Key Points 329
Glossary 329
References 330
17 The Principles of Nutrition 332
Introduction 333
The Nutrients 333
A Healthy Diet 335
Physiology of the Alimentary System 335
Undernourishment and Malnutrition 338
Nutritional Support 340
Obesity 342
Diabetes and Nutrition 343
Nutrition and Mental Illness 344
Hydration 345
Nutrition and Wound Healing 345
Nutrition for the Person Who Is Dying 346
Hospital Nutrition Services 347
Conclusion 348
x Contents
Key Points 348
Glossary 348
References 348
18 The Principles of Skin Integrity 350
Introduction 351
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin 351
Function of the Skin 354
Wound Healing (Figure 18.6) 355
Psycho-Socioeconomic Aspects of Wound Care 356
The Quality Agenda and Wound Management 357
Wound Care and Management 359
Nursing Management 370
Multiple Pathology and Wound Care 372
Conclusion 373
Key Points 373
Glossary 373
References 374
19 The Principles of Medicine Administration and Pharmacology 376
Introduction 377
Pharmacology 377
Person Group Directions 384
Changing Demography of the UK 386
Generic and Brand Names 386
Legislation and Policies Governing Drug Administration 386
Cold Chain 388
Preparation of Drugs 388
Medical Abbreviations 392
Compliance, Concordance and Adherence 393
Some Common Drugs Used in Practice and Their Action 393
Drug Calculations 400
Conclusion 401
Key Points 402
Glossary 402
References 402
20 Care at the End of Life 404
Introduction 405
Where Do Our Ideas about Death and Dying Come From? 405
The Death of Personhood 406
Care at the End of Life 407
Advance Care Planning 412
Care in the Last few Days of Life 415
Communication 417
Breaking Bad News 421
Culture and Ethnicity 422
Grief, Loss and Bereavement 424
Who Cares for the Carers? 425
Conclusion 426
Key Points 427
Glossary 427
References 427
21 The Principles of Supporting Families and Carers in Practice 430
Introduction 431
Carers 431
Families 435
Opportunities for Family and Carer Involvement 438
Adaptability and Coping 441
The Impact of Caregiving 443
Interventions to Support Families and Carers 447
Conclusion 448
Key Points 449
Glossary 449
References 449
Unit 4 The Scientific Nature of Disease 453
22 The Cell 454
Introduction 455
The Chemical Level 456
The Genetic Level 459
The Cellular Level 474
The Tissue Level 476
Conclusion 478
Key Points 478
Glossary 478
References 479
23 Immunity, Inflammation and Infection 480
Introduction 481
Inflammation 481
An Introduction to the Classification of Microbes/Microorganisms 483
The Lymphatic System and Immunity 484
The Cells of Immunity 491
Chemical Proteins Involved in Immunity 494
Immunity in Action 496
Disorders of the Immune System 499
Immunodeficiency 502
Conclusion 503
Key Points 503
Glossary 503
References 503
24 Pain Management 504
Introduction 505
The Physiology of Pain 505
The Classification of Pain 508
Pain Theory 512
Pain Assessment 513
Pain Management 514
Nursing Management of Acute Pain 519
Nursing Management of Chronic Pain 522
Conclusion 524
Key Points 524
Glossary 525
References 526
25 Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, and Shock 528
Introduction 529
Fluid Balance 529
Electrolyte Imbalance 537
Shock 545
Conclusion 549
Key Points 549
Glossary 549
References 550
Unit 5 The Art and Science of Nursing Care 551
26 The Person with a Cardiovascular Disorder 552
Introduction 553
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart 553
Anatomy and Physiology of the Blood Vessels 558
Assessing the Cardiovascular System 561
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 563
Conclusion 575
Key Points 576
Glossary 576
References 576
27 The Person with a Haematological Disorder 578
Introduction 579
Composition of Blood 579
Red Blood Cells 579
Conditions Associated with the Red Cells 581
White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissue Disorders 590
The Lymphatic System 591
Conditions Associated with the White Blood Cells 591
Platelet and Haemostasis Disorders 599
Conclusion 602
Key Points 603
Glossary 603
References 603
28 The Person with a Respiratory
Disorder 605
Introduction 606
Anatomy and Physiology 606
Respiratory Disease 617
Respiratory Failure 617
Respiratory Tract Infection 621
Obstructive Lung Disorders 624
Restrictive Lung Disorders 628
Lung Cancer 629
Pleural Disorders 630
Interstitial Lung Disease (Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease) 631
Conclusion 631
Key Points 631
Glossary 631
References 633
29 The Person with a Gastrointestinal Disorder 635
Introduction 636
Anatomy and Physiology 636
Peptic Ulcer 644
Carcinoma of the Stomach 646
Hepatitis 648
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 651
Stomas 653
Gallbladder Disorders 657
Conclusion 660
Key Points 660
Glossary 660
References 660
30 The Person with a Urinary Disorder 662
Introduction 663
Anatomy and Physiology 663
Urinary Tract Infection 669
Renal Calculi 670
Bladder Cancer 672
Renal Tumour 675
Renal Failure 677
Acute Kidney Injury 677
Chronic Kidney Disease 680
Conclusion 683
Key Points 684
Glossary 684
References 684
31 The Woman with a Reproductive Disorder 686
Introduction 687
Anatomy and Physiology 687
Assessing the System 692
Abnormal Menstrual Bleeding 695
The Menopause 697
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 699
Gynaecological Oncology 704
Female Genital Mutilation 711
Breast Disease 711
Breast Surgery 713
Conclusion 715
Key Points 715
Glossary 715
References 715
32 The Man with a Reproductive Disorder 717
Introduction 718
Anatomy and Physiology 718
Assessing the System 723
Testicular Disorders 728
Prostate Disease 731
Erectile Dysfunction 739
Circumcision 742
Conclusion 743
Key Points 743
Glossary 744
References 744
33 The Person with a Sexually Transmitted Infection 746
Introduction 747
Assessing the System 748
Features of STIs 755
Preventing STIs 756
Partner notification 756
Genital Warts 756
Gonorrhoea 758
Syphilis 762
Conclusion 765
Key Points 765
Glossary 765
References 766
34 The Person with an Endocrine Disorder 768
Introduction 769
Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System 770
Anatomy and Physiology of the Individual Endocrine Glands 772
Assessing the Endocrine System 780
Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Insufficiency) 781
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland 783
Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands 787
Disorders of the Adrenal Glands 788
Diabetes Mellitus 791
Conclusion 794
Key Points 794
Glossary 794
References 795
35 The Person with a Neurological Disorder 797
Introduction 798
Anatomy and Physiology 798
Nursing Assessment of the Neurological System 811
The Unconscious Patient 819
The Patient with Raised Intracranial Pressure 822
Traumatic Brain Injury (Head Injury) 823
Stroke 827
Neurological Oncology 830
Infections of the CNS 832
Epilepsy 833
Headaches 836
Multiple Sclerosis 838
Parkinson’s Disease 841
Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders 843
Peripheral Neuropathy 845
Conclusion 846
Key Points 846
Glossary 847
References 847
36 The Person with an Ear or Eye Disorder 850
Introduction 851
Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear 851
Assessing the Person with an Ear Problem 856
Common Conditions of the Ear 858
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye 863
Assessing Vision 867
Common Conditions of the Eye 870
Cataract Surgery 873
Conclusion 876
Key Points 876
Glossary 876
References 877
37 The Person with a Musculoskeletal Disorder 879
Introduction 880
Anatomy and Physiology 880
Musculoskeletal Conditions 888
Assessing the Musculoskeletal System 891
Arthritis 892
Fractured Neck of Femur 897
Caring for People with Plaster Casts 903
Conclusion 904
Key Points 905
Glossary 905
References 907
38 The Person with a Skin Disorder 909
Introduction 910
Anatomy and Physiology 910
Assessment 910
Skin Infections: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal 915
Infestations 918
Acne 919
Rosacea 921
Psoriasis 922
Eczema 923
Skin Tumours 923
Vascular Disorders (Including Naevi) 925
Disorders of the Hair and Nails 926
Connective Tissue Disorders 928
Conclusion 929
Key Points 929
Glossary 929
References 930
Appendix A Reference Values in Venous Serum (Adults) 931
Appendix B List of Units 934
Index 935
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