Nursing Process And Critical Thinking

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ISBN: 9780132242868 | 0132242869
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/1/2012

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For Fundamentals of Nursing, Introduction to Nursing and Critical Thinking. Can be used in all clinical courses.

This innovative text uses concrete examples and hands-on exercises to help students clearly understand and apply the five steps of the nursing process to today's rapidly changing healthcare environment. Instead of giving step-by-step instructions on how to use the nursing process in practice, it encourages students to critically think about each step of the nursing process and use critical thinking to make better clinical decisions.

Wellness concepts and independent critical thinking, major emphases of this text, are incorporated into each step of the nursing process. Case studies and exercises provide students opportunities to apply the concepts presented to real world situations. Book provides extensive treatment of collaborative practice and delegation, critical thinking, case management and critical pathways.

For those interested in understanding the nursing process within a framework for providing holistic care.

Overview of Nursing Process	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
What is Nursing?	p. 1
Nursing Theory	p. 3
Human Responses	p. 4
Nursing, Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Practice	p. 5
Nursing in Wellness and Illness	p. 6
Why is the Nursing Process Important?	p. 7
What is Nursing Process?	p. 10
Relationship to Nursing and Caring	p. 10
Background	p. 10
Purpose and Characteristics	p. 12
Organization: Phases of the Nursing Process	p. 13
Relationship to Problem-Solving Process	p. 18
Qualities Needed by the Nurse	p. 20
Cognitive (Intellectual) Skills	p. 20
Creativity and Curiosity	p. 20
Interpersonal Skills	p. 21
Cultural Competence	p. 21
Psychomotor Skills	p. 21
Technological Skills	p. 22
Nursing Process and Wellness	p. 22
Nursing Process and Community Health	p. 23
Ethical and Cultural Considerations	p. 24
Summary	p. 26
Nursing Process Practice	p. 27
Critical Thinking Practice: Self-Knowledge	p. 29
Case Study: Applying Critical Thinking and Nursing Process	p. 30
Selected References	p. 31
Critical Thinking	p. 35
Why Do Nurses Need to Think Critically?	p. 35
Nursing Is an Applied Discipline	p. 36
Nursing Draws on Knowledge from Other Fields	p. 37
Nurses Deal with Change in Stressful Environments	p. 37
Nurses Make Frequent, Varied, and Important Decisions	p. 38
What is Critical Thinking?	p. 38
Some Definitions of Critical Thinking	p. 39
Characteristics of Critical Thinking	p. 39
Types of Nursing Knowledge	p. 41
Critical Thinking Attitudes	p. 43
Independent Thinking	p. 44
Intellectual Humility	p. 44
Intellectual Courage	p. 45
Intellectual Empathy	p. 45
Intellectual Integrity	p. 46
Intellectual Perseverance	p. 46
Intellectual Curiosity	p. 46
Faith in Reason	p. 47
Fair-mindedness	p. 47
Interest in Exploring Thoughts and Feelings	p. 47
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 48
Using Language	p. 49
Perceiving	p. 51
Believing and Knowing	p. 52
Clarifying	p. 53
Comparing	p. 54
Judging and Evaluating	p. 57
Reasoning	p. 58
Complex Intellectual Activities	p. 62
Standards of Reasoning	p. 66
Critical Thinking and Nursing Process	p. 66
Critical Thinking and Nursing Ethics	p. 69
Developing Critical Thinking	p. 70
Summary	p. 71
Nursing Process Practice	p. 72
Critical Thinking Practice: Using Language	p. 74
Case Study: Applying Critical Thinking and Nursing Process	p. 76
Selected References	p. 77
Assessment	p. 79
Assessment: The First Phase of the Nursing Process	p. 79
Purpose of Nursing Assessment	p. 80
Relationship to Other Phases of the Nursing Process	p. 81
Critical Thinking in Assessment	p. 81
Collecting Data	p. 83
Subjective and Objective Data	p. 83
Primary and Secondary Data Sources	p. 87
Initial Versus Ongoing Assessment	p. 88
Comprehensive Versus Focus Assessment	p. 89
Use of Computers in Assessment	p. 94
Data-Collection Methods	p. 95
Validating the Data	p. 105
Organizing Data	p. 105
Nursing Models	p. 107
Nonnursing Models	p. 109
Recording Data	p. 115
Special-Purpose Assessments	p. 116
Home Care and Functional Assessment	p. 116
Cultural Assessment	p. 117
Spiritual Assessment	p. 121
Wellness Assessment	p. 123
Family Assessment	p. 123
Community Assessment	p. 123
Ethical and Legal Considerations	p. 129
Honesty	p. 132
Confidentiality	p. 132
Malpractice Suits	p. 132
Summary	p. 133
Nursing Process Practice	p. 134
Critical Thinking Practice: Believing and Knowing	p. 139
Case Study: Applying Critical Thinking and Nursing Process	p. 147
Selected References	p. 147
Diagnostic Reasoning	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Diagnosis: Second Phase of Nursing Process	p. 153
History of Nursing Diagnosis	p. 154
Importance of Nursing Diagnosis	p. 155
Human Responses	p. 157
Diagnosing Health Status	p. 158
Patient Strengths	p. 160
Wellness Diagnoses	p. 160
Recognizing Nursing Diagnoses	p. 160
Recognizing Collaborative Problems	p. 163
Recognizing Medical Diagnoses	p. 164
Computer-Assisted Diagnosis	p. 167
Using Nursing Diagnoses with Critical Pathways	p. 168
Diagnostic Reasoning	p. 171
Use of Nursing Models	p. 171
Interpreting Data	p. 171
Verifying Diagnoses	p. 183
Labeling and Recording Diagnoses	p. 184
Health Promotion: Diagnosing Wellness	p. 184
Critical Thinking and Diagnosis	p. 185
Reflective Practice	p. 185
Avoiding Diagnostic Errors	p. 185
Ethical Considerations	p. 190
Summary	p. 190
Nursing Process Practice	p. 191
Critical Thinking Practice: Analysis and Synthesis	p. 197
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking	p. 202
Selected References	p. 203
Diagnostic Language	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Standardized Nursing Languages	p. 206
Classification Systems	p. 206
The Need for Uniform Nursing Language	p. 207
Existing Nursing Taxonomies	p. 208
NANDA International	p. 208
The NANDA Taxonomy	p. 210
NANDA Review Process	p. 210
Choosing a Problem Label	p. 210
Components of a NANDA Diagnosis	p. 211
How to Choose a Label	p. 215
Learning to Recognize the NANDA Labels	p. 218
Format for Writing Diagnostic Statements	p. 219
Actual Nursing Diagnoses	p. 220
Potential (Risk) Nursing Diagnoses	p. 225
Possible Nursing Diagnoses	p. 226
Wellness Diagnoses (Format)	p. 226
Collaborative Problems	p. 226
Relationship of Nursing Diagnoses to Outcomes and Nursing Orders	p. 227
Thinking Critically About the Content of Diagnostic Statements	p. 228
Wellness Diagnoses	p. 232
Spiritual Diagnoses	p. 234
Family and Home Health Diagnoses	p. 235
Community Health Diagnoses	p. 236
Issues Associated with the NANDA Classification	p. 237
Unrealistic Expectations	p. 238
Effect on Holistic Perspective	p. 238
Ethical Considerations	p. 238
Cultural Considerations	p. 240
Recording Nursing Diagnoses	p. 240
Prioritizing Diagnoses	p. 241
Preservation of Life	p. 241
Maslow's Hierarchy	p. 242
Patient Preference	p. 242
Summary	p. 243
Nursing Process Practice	p. 244
Critical Thinking Practice: Clarifying, Comparing, and Contrasting	p. 251
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking	p. 254
Selected References	p. 256
Planning: Overview and Outcomes	p. 259
Learning Outcomes	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Planning: Third Phase of Nursing Process	p. 260
Initial Versus Ongoing Planning	p. 262
Discharge Planning	p. 263
Patient Plans of Care	p. 266
Computerized Care Planning	p. 267
Comprehensive Nursing Plans of Care	p. 267
Multidisciplinary Plans of Care (Critical Pathways)	p. 271
Planning Outcomes	p. 271
Purpose of the Outcome Statement	p. 273
Writing Outcome Statements	p. 273
The Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)	p. 283
Family and Home Health Outcomes	p. 285
Community Outcomes	p. 286
Goals/Outcomes for Wellness Diagnoses	p. 287
Patient Teaching Goals/Outcomes	p. 289
Critical Thinking: Reflecting on Planning	p. 290
Guidelines for Judging the Quality of Outcome Statements	p. 291
Ethical Considerations in Planning	p. 296
Legal Issues in Planning	p. 297
Spiritual Planning and Outcomes	p. 298
Cultural Considerations in Planning	p. 299
Summary	p. 299
Nursing Process Practice	p. 300
Critical Thinking Practice: Classifying	p. 306
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking	p. 310
Selected References	p. 312
Planning: Interventions	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Nursing Interventions	p. 316
Types of Interventions	p. 316
Theory-Based Planning	p. 319
Nursing Interventions and Problem Status	p. 319
How to Generate and Select Nursing Activities/Interventions	p. 322
Computerized Planning	p. 327
Writing Nursing Orders	p. 327
Purpose	p. 327
Components of a Nursing Order	p. 328
Standardized Language for Nursing Interventions	p. 329
The Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)	p. 329
Community Nursing Interventions	p. 334
Family and Home Health Interventions	p. 335
Formal Teaching Plans	p. 337
Wellness Interventions	p. 338
Standardized Wellness Interventions	p. 338
Spiritual Interventions	p. 339
Thinking Critically About Planning	p. 341
Reflecting on Interventions	p. 341
Reflecting on Ethical Factors	p. 342
Reflecting on Cultural Factors	p. 343
Summary	p. 344
Nursing Process Practice	p. 346
Critical Thinking Practice: Recognizing Relevant Information	p. 350
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking	p. 353
Selected References	p. 353
Implementation	p. 357
Learning Outcomes	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Relationship of Implementation to Other Nursing Process Phases	p. 360
Healthcare Delivery Systems	p. 360
Preparing to Act	p. 361
Preparing the Nurse	p. 363
Preparing the Patient	p. 363
Preparing Supplies and Equipment	p. 364
Action: Doing or Delegating	p. 365
Teaching for Self-Care	p. 366
Delegation and Supervision	p. 367
Thinking Critically About Implementation	p. 370
Recording	p. 370
Functions of Client Records	p. 372
Documenting Nursing Process	p. 373
Documentation Methods	p. 377
Computerized Documentation	p. 381
Documenting with Standardized Language	p. 386
Guidelines for Charting	p. 386
Home Healthcare Documentation	p. 388
Long-Term Care Documentation	p. 390
Oral Reports	p. 391
Ethical Issues in Implementation	p. 392
Respect for Dignity	p. 393
Privacy and Confidentiality	p. 393
Legal Considerations	p. 394
Falls	p. 394
Restraints	p. 395
Questioning Medical Orders	p. 395
Patient Behaviors That May Contribute to an Injury	p. 395
Cultural and Spiritual Considerations	p. 396
Cultural Care	p. 397
Spiritual Care	p. 397
Summary	p. 398
Nursing Process Practice	p. 399
Critical Thinking Practice: Reasoning	p. 403
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking	p. 407
Selected References	p. 409
Evaluation	p. 411
Learning Outcomes	p. 411
Introduction	p. 411
General Characteristics of Evaluation	p. 412
Standards and Criteria	p. 413
Evaluation in Nursing Process	p. 414
Relationship to Other Phases	p. 415
Evaluating Patient Progress	p. 416
Evaluating/Revising the Plan of Care	p. 421
Reflecting Critically About Evaluation	p. 428
Evaluation Errors	p. 428
Ethical Considerations	p. 429
Cultural and Spiritual Considerations	p. 430
Quality Assurance/Improvement	p. 431
Computerized Records and Standardized Nursing Languages	p. 431
Types of Quality-Assurance Evaluation	p. 432
A Procedure for Quality-Assurance Evaluation	p. 434
Summary	p. 436
Nursing Process Practice	p. 437
Critical Thinking Practice: Judging and Evaluating	p. 441
Case Study: Applying Nursing Process and Critical Thinking	p. 445
Selected References	p. 447
Creating a Plan of Care	p. 449
Learning Outcomes	p. 449
Introduction	p. 449
Comprehensive Plans of Care	p. 450
Components of a Comprehensive Plan of Care	p. 451
Standardized Approaches to Care Planning	p. 455
Computerized Care Plans and Standardized Language	p. 465
Care-Planning Guide	p. 465
Creating a Comprehensive Plan of Care	p. 466
Case Study: Luisa Sanchez	p. 468
Assessment	p. 470
Diagnosis	p. 470
Planning	p. 473
Implementation	p. 480
Evaluation	p. 480
How to Mind-Map a Plan of Care	p. 182
Wellness in the Acute-Care Setting	p. 483
Ethical Considerations	p. 485
Summary	p. 485
Nursing Process Practice	p. 486
Instructions for Preparing the Nursing Plan of Care	p. 489
Critical Thinking Practice: Similarities and Differences	p. 492
ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements	p. 494
Multidisciplinary (Collaborative) Problems Associated with Diseases and other Physiological Disorders	p. 495
Multidisciplinary (Collaborative) Problems Associated with Surgical Treatments	p. 504
Answer Keys	p. 508
Index	p. 533
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Nursing Process And Critical Thinking

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