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- ISBN: 9781420082319 | 1420082310
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 10/27/2009
Why Prevention Always Trumps a Cure
Foreword to Second Edition | p. xv |
Foreword to First Edition | p. xvii |
Acknowledgment | p. xix |
Author | p. xxi |
Abbreviations | p. xxiii |
Introduction: First Steps to Optimal Health and Fitness throughout Life | p. 1 |
Potential for Health | p. 1 |
Historical Aspects: Pedagogy and Education | p. 2 |
Physiology of Children | p. 2 |
Secular Trend: Acceleration of Growth | p. 4 |
Influence of Environmental Factors | p. 6 |
What Are the Aims? | p. 7 |
Theoretical Considerations: What Can We Learn from the Natural and Experimental Models? | p. 9 |
Influence of Diet Early in Life and Its Delayed Effects | p. 9 |
Growth, Body Composition, and Physical Activity | p. 9 |
Lipid Metabolism during the Fetal Period | p. 12 |
Influence of a Temporary Diet with Lower Energy and Protein | p. 13 |
Changes of Lipid Metabolism in the Offspring due to Lactation Period | p. 13 |
Other Consequences of Early Dietary Manipulations | p. 17 |
Influence of Increased PA during Pregnancy on the Later Development of Offspring | p. 17 |
Metabolic Reactions during Pregnancy | p. 17 |
Lipid Metabolism | p. 18 |
Influence of Other Factors during Pregnancy | p. 20 |
Exercise during Pre- and Postnatal Ontogeny and Cardiac Microstructure of the Offspring | p. 22 |
Influence of PA on the Development of Experimental Cardiac Necrosis | p. 24 |
Exercise during Postnatal Life | p. 24 |
Spontaneous Activity and Cardiac Damage | p. 26 |
Delayed Consequences of Temporary Exercise | p. 26 |
Impact of the Interactions between Early Diet and PA on Experimental Cardiac Necrosis | p. 26 |
Impact of Early Diet | p. 27 |
Spontaneous PA Influenced by Early Diet and Cardiac Resistance to Isoprenaline | p. 27 |
General Considerations | p. 30 |
Nutrition of Pregnant Mothers and Their Children in Early Life: Human Studies | p. 33 |
Variability of Practices during Pregnancy and Lactation in Different Societies | p. 33 |
Position in Industrially Developed Countries | p. 35 |
Influence of Genetic Factors on Growth and Health Risks in the Offspring | p. 37 |
Impact of Maternal Status on Offspring | p. 38 |
Influence of Mother's Nutritional Status and Birth Weight | p. 38 |
Effect of Breast-Feeding | p. 39 |
Effect of Early Postnatal Nutrition on Later Development | p. 41 |
Influence of Physical Activity and Exercise of Mothers | p. 43 |
Relationships among Anthropometric, Dietary, and Serum Lipid Variables of the Mother and the Newborn | p. 44 |
General Considerations | p. 51 |
Growth and Somatic Development of Preschool Children | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 53 |
Evaluation of Somatic Growth | p. 54 |
Cross-Sectional Surveys of Anthropometric Variables | p. 61 |
Longitudinal Studies of Children from 3 to 6 Years of Age | p. 74 |
Body Composition and Fat Pattern | p. 81 |
Study of Czech Preschoolers | p. 82 |
Somatotypes | p. 85 |
Body Posture | p. 89 |
Relationship between Heights and Weights of Parents and Anthropometric Variables of Preschool Children | p. 93 |
Other Surveys | p. 93 |
General Considerations | p. 94 |
Nutritional Status and Dietary Intake in Early Life | p. 97 |
Introduction | p. 97 |
Energy Requirements | p. 98 |
Protein Requirements | p. 106 |
Fats | p. 108 |
Carbohydrates | p. 110 |
Minerals and Trace Elements | p. 110 |
Vitamins | p. 114 |
Fat-Soluble Vitamins | p. 114 |
Water-Soluble Vitamins | p. 116 |
Methods for the Evaluation of Dietary Intake | p. 118 |
Dietary Intake and Energy Output in Czech Preschoolers: Results of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Surveys | p. 119 |
Food Intake and Energy Output in Other Preschool Child Populations | p. 125 |
Food Habits, Preferences, and Aversions in Preschool Age | p. 129 |
RDAs for Preschool Children: Is There a Need for Further Revision? | p. 131 |
General Considerations and Recommendations | p. 133 |
Functional Development and Physical Activity during Early Childhood | p. 135 |
Introduction | p. 135 |
PA, EE, and Physical Fitness in Young Children | p. 136 |
Evaluation of PA and Physical Fitness | p. 139 |
Cardiorespiratory Fitness | p. 141 |
Methods of Testing | p. 142 |
Results of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Surveys | p. 144 |
Surveys in Other Child Populations | p. 149 |
Motor and Sensomotor Development: Gross and Fine Motorics | p. 149 |
Methods of Testing | p. 150 |
Speed | p. 150 |
Endurance | p. 151 |
Muscle Strength and Skill | p. 151 |
Balance | p. 151 |
Rhythm, Response, and Coordination | p. 152 |
Results of Motor and Sensomotor Testing | p. 152 |
Motor Development in Other Surveys of Preschool Children | p. 164 |
Metabolic and Biochemical Characteristics | p. 166 |
Methods and Subjects | p. 166 |
Results: Blood Lipids as Related to Somatic Development, Dietary Intake, and: Cardiorespiratory Efficiency | p. 167 |
Studies of Biochemical Variables, Blood Pressure, and Fatness in Other Populations | p. 169 |
General Considerations | p. 170 |
Influence of Varying Nutrition and Environment on Somatic Development and Physical Fitness | p. 173 |
Introduction | p. 173 |
Growth and Development | p. 174 |
Influence of Different Types of Nutrition and Dietary Intake | p. 175 |
Surveys in Populations Varying in Environment and Dietary Intake | p. 179 |
Somatic Development | p. 179 |
Italian Survey | p. 179 |
Turkish Survey | p. 180 |
Senegalese Survey | p. 181 |
Zapotec Survey | p. 183 |
Functional Development: Cardiorespiratory Fitness | p. 183 |
Italian Survey | p. 183 |
Turkish Survey | p. 184 |
Senegalese Survey | p. 185 |
Motor Development | p. 186 |
Turkish Survey | p. 186 |
Senegalese Survey | p. 188 |
Muscle Strength | p. 189 |
Turkish Survey | p. 189 |
First Senegalese Survey | p. 189 |
Tunisian Survey | p. 190 |
Second Senegalese Survey | p. 191 |
Zapotec Survey | p. 191 |
Other Functional and/or Motor Development Surveys | p. 192 |
Influence of Severe Malnutrition | p. 193 |
Problems of Child Labor | p. 198 |
General Considerations | p. 199 |
Development of Obesity and Its Influence on the Functional Capacity of Children and Youth | p. 201 |
Obesity in Young Children | p. 201 |
Changes of Obesity Prevalence with Time in Different Countries | p. 203 |
Genetic and Hereditary Factors in Early Childhood Obesity | p. 209 |
Genetic Endowment: Twin and Family Clustering | p. 210 |
Genes and Excess Fatness | p. 214 |
Polymorphisms and Mutations of Genes: Their Role in Obesity Development | p. 216 |
Main Aspects of the Role of Genetics | p. 220 |
Maternal and Familial Factors in the Development of Childhood Obesity | p. 220 |
Early Factors in Obesity Development | p. 224 |
Evaluation of Obesity | p. 228 |
Anthropometric Methods for the Evaluation: of Adiposity | p. 228 |
Assessments of Body Composition and Fatness | p. 230 |
Results of Studies in Young Obese Subjects | p. 233 |
Morphological Characteristics and Body Composition in Czech Preschoolers | p. 234 |
Food Intake in Obese Preschoolers | p. 236 |
PA and Energy Expenditure in the Obese | p. 236 |
Functional Capacity | p. 239 |
Cardiorespiratory Fitness | p. 239 |
Motor Development | p. 240 |
Biochemical Characteristics | p. 241 |
Hormonal Variables | p. 243 |
Health Complications of Obesity in Children | p. 243 |
Management of Obesity: Prevention and Treatment at an Early Age | p. 245 |
Procedures Used to Reduce Body Weight during Growth | p. 246 |
Morphological, Functional, and Biochemical Changes after Reduction Treatment | p. 249 |
General Considerations: Role of Obesity Interventions for Optimal Development at an Early Age | p. 251 |
Influence of Environmental Factors | p. 253 |
Introduction | p. 253 |
Influence of Living Conditions in the Capital and in Other Parts of the Czech Republic | p. 256 |
Somatic Development and Body Posture | p. 256 |
Motor and Sensomotor Development | p. 257 |
Influence of Lifestyle on Food Intake, Blood Lipids, and Performance | p. 261 |
Body Size and Function: Is Bigger Also Better | p. 264 |
Economic Level and Birth Rank | p. 265 |
Environment, Risk Pregnancy, Family Conditions, and Health | p. 266 |
Effect of Birth Weight | p. 269 |
Effect of Family Situation | p. 270 |
Effect of Education of Parents | p. 271 |
Health Status of Children | p. 272 |
General Considerations | p. 272 |
Influence of Motor Stimulation, Physical Education, and Spontaneous Physical Activity | p. 275 |
Introduction | p. 275 |
Motor Development of Infants | p. 275 |
Experimental Observations on the Impact of Motor Stimulation in Infants | p. 280 |
Toddlers | p. 282 |
Motor Development and Education of Children Aged 3-6 Years | p. 283 |
What to Avoid in the Motor Stimulation of Young Children | p. 287 |
Influence of Exercise in Preschoolers | p. 288 |
Somatic Development and Body Posture | p. 288 |
Physical Performance, Skill, and Sensomotor Development | p. 291 |
Variability of the Impact of Exercise in Early Life | p. 291 |
Spontaneous PA, Somatic and Functional Development, Food Intake, and Blood Lipids | p. 292 |
Other Surveys on the Effect of PA and Exercise at an Early Age | p. 298 |
General Considerations | p. 300 |
Criteria for the Evaluation of Morphological and Functional Development in Preschool Children: Recommendations | p. 301 |
Body Size and Body Composition | p. 301 |
Functional Measurements: Cardiorespiratory Fitness | p. 305 |
Motor Development | p. 306 |
Sensomotor Development | p. 307 |
Dietary Intake and Biochemical Characteristics | p. 307 |
Summary of Experimental Results | p. 309 |
Studies in Experimental Models with Laboratory Animals | p. 309 |
Observations on the Influence of Maternal Nutrition on the Newborn | p. 311 |
Morphological and Functional Surveys in Preschool Children | p. 312 |
Surveys of Children with Various Environmental Conditions and Different Levels of Nutrition | p. 315 |
Obesity in Young Children | p. 317 |
Influence of Exercise | p. 318 |
Perspectives: Physical Activity, Early Prevention of Diseases, and Development of Positive Health | p. 321 |
Body Posture | p. 327 |
Step Test | p. 329 |
Motor Performance | p. 331 |
Sensomotor Tests | p. 333 |
References | p. 335 |
Index | p. 391 |
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