Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis

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ISBN: 9780121417048 | 0121417042
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/9/2004

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This book is based on presentations given at the Fifth International Symposium on Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis held in Lausanne, Switzerland in 2003. Although an often neglected chapter of medical research, the nutritional influences on bone health was a discussed topic at this congress. Also discussed were new insights into the role of proteins, vitamins, potassium, vegetables, food acid load, mineral waters and calcium. This book is based on presentations given at the Fifth International Symposium on Nutrional Aspects of Osteoporosis held in Lausanne, Switzerland in 2003. Although an often neglected chapter of medical research, the nutritional influences on bone health was a discussed topic at this congress. Also discussed were new insights into the role of proteins, vitamins, potassium, vegetables, food acid load, mineral waters and calcium.

Sponsors

Contributors

xxi

Preface

xxvii

PART I Calcium in Childhood

1. Bone Mineral Density of the Skull and Lower Extremities During Growth and Calcium Supplementation

Velimir Matkovic, John D. Landoll, Prem Goel, Nancy Badenhop-Stevens, Eun Jeong Ha, Bin Li, and Zeljha Crncevic-Orlic

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Methods

(1)

Results

(4)

Discussion

(4)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(3)

2. Calcium Retention in Adolescence as a Function of Calcium Intake: Influence of Race and Gender

Connie M. Weaver

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Methods for Determining Calcium Retention and Metabolism

(1)

Racial Differences in Calcium Metabolism

(2)

Gender Differences in Calcium Metabolism

(1)

Further Directions

(1)

References

(3)

3. Longitudinal Study of Diet and Lifestyle Intervention on Bone Mineral Gain in School Children and Adolescents: Effects of Asian Traditional Diet and Sitting Style on Bone Mineral

Tahaho Hirota, Tomoho Kusu, Mizuho Hara, and Kenji Hirota

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Subjects and Methods

(1)

Results

(3)

Discussion

(2)

Acknowledgment

(1)

References

(3)

4. A Co-Twin Calcium Intervention Trial in Premenarcheal Girls: Cortical Bone Effects by Hip Structural Analysis

Lynda Paton, Thomas Beck, Caryl Nowson, Melissa Cameron, Susan Kantor, Heather McKay, Mark Forwood and John D. Wark

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Methods

(2)

Statistical Analyses

(1)

Results

(2)

Discussion

(1)

References

(3)

5. Calcium Carbonate Supplementation is Associated with Higher Plasma IGF-1 in 16- to 18-Year-Old Boys and Girls

Fiona Ginty, A. Prentice, A. Laidlaw, L. McKenna, S. Jones, S. Stear, and T.J. Cole

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Methods

(4)

Results

(3)

Discussion

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

PART II Dairy Products, Calcium Metabolism

6. Nutrients, Interactions, and Foods: The Importance of Source

Robert P. Heaney

Introduction

(1)

Calcium and Diet Quality

(3)

Calcium and Protein

(2)

Phosphorus and Calcium

(7)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(5)

PART III Vitamins, Flavonoids

7. Vitamin K and Bone Health

Cees Vermeer

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Sites of Vitamin K Action

(1)

Similarities Between Calcium Metabolism in Bone and Arteries

(2)

Vitamin K Status and Bone Health

(1)

Vitamin K Status and Cardiovascular Health

(1)

Vitamin K Intervention Studies

(1)

Dietary Vitamin K Requirements for Bone and Vascular Health

(1)

Safety and Potential Adverse Side Effects of Vitamin K Supplements

(1)

References

(4)

8. Dietary Vitamin A is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Woment

Jasminka Z. Ilich, Rhonda A. Brownbill, Harold C. Furr, and Neal E. Craft

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Methods

(3)

Results

(4)

Discussion

102

(4)

Summary and Conclusions

106

(1)

Acknowledgments

106

(1)

References

106

(3)

9. Hesperidin, a Citrus Flavanone, Improves Bone Acquisition and Prevents Skeletal Impairment in Rats

Marie-Noëlle Horcajada and Véronique Coxam

Abstract

109

(1)

Introduction

110

(2)

Methods

112

(3)

Results

115

(4)

Discussion

119

(4)

References

123

(4)

10. Vitamin B-Complex, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphism and Bone: Potential for Gene-Nutrient Interaction

H.M. Macdonal and D.M. Reid

Abstract

127

(1)

Introduction

128

(1)

What is the Role of Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Enzyme?

128

(1)

MTHFR Polymorphism

129

(3)

Vitamin B-Complex

132

(3)

Conclusions

135

(1)

References

135

(6)

PART IV Nutrition and Bone Health Miscellaneous

11. A Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Chromium Picolinate Supplementation on Indices of Bone and Calcium Metabolism in Healthy Women

Monica Adhihari, Brian W. Morris, Richard Eastell, and Aubrey Blumsohn

Abstract

141

(3)

Subjects

144

(1)

Methods

144

(2)

Result

146

(1)

Discussion

147

(3)

Acknowledgments

150

(1)

References

150

(3)

12. Nutrition and Teeth

Elizabeth A. Krall

Abstract

153

(1)

Introduction

154

(1)

Oral Bone Loss and Systemic Bone Mineral Density

154

(2)

Nutrition, Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss

156

(2)

Relationship of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Phosphorus to Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss

158

(3)

Conclusions

161

(1)

Summary

162

(1)

References

162

(3)

13. Cognitive Dietary Restraint, Cortisol and Bone Density in Normal-Weight Women: Is There a Relationship?

Susan I. Barr

Abstract

165

(1)

Introduction

166

(1)

Possible Mechanism

167

(1)

Assessment of Dietary Restraint

167

(1)

Associations Between Dietary Restraint and Menstrual Disturbances

168

(4)

Associations Between Subclinical Menstrual Disturbances and Bone Loss

172

(1)

Associations Between Dietary Restraint and Cortisol

172

(1)

Association Between Dietary Restraint and Bone

173

(2)

Summary

175

(1)

Acknowledgments

175

(1)

References

175

(6)

PART V Vitamin D-First Part

14. Functions of Vitamin D: Importance for Prevention of Common Cancers, Type 1 Diabetes and Heart Disease

Michael F. Hulick

Evolution of Vitamin D

181

(1)

Photosynthesis and Regulation of Previtamin D3

182

(1)

Vitamin D and Bone Health

183

(1)

Metabolism and Biologic Functions of Vitamin D

183

(3)

Prevalence and Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency on Bone Health

186

(3)

Other Health Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency: Increased Risk of Autoimmune Diseases, Solid Tumors, and Cardiovascular Heart Disease

189

(4)

Clinical Applications for the Antiproliferative Activity of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its Analogs

193

(1)

Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency

194

(3)

Conclusion

197

(1)

Acknowledgment

198

(1)

References

198

(5)

15. Evidence for the Breakpoint of Normal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: Which Level Is Required in the Elderly?

Paul Lips

Introduction

203

(1)

Assessing the Required Serum 25(OH)D Concentration

204

(1)

Evidence from Epidemiological and Intervention Studies

205

(1)

The Influence of Calcium Intake on Serum PTH and Vitamin D Metabolism

206

(1)

Staging of Vitamin D Deficiency

207

(1)

Conclusion

207

(1)

References

208

(3)

16. What is the Optimal Amount of Vitamin D for Osteoporosis?

Reinhold Vieth

Introduction

211

(2)

Vitamin D and Osteoporosis

213

(2)

Dosage Considerations

215

(2)

Hormonal 1,25(OH)2D is not an Alternative to Nutritional Vitamin D

217

(2)

Summary

219

(1)

References

220

(7)

PART VI Vitamin D-Second Part

17. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the Health of the Calcium Economy

Robert P. Heaney

Introduction

227

(1)

Studies of Calcium Absorption

228

(3)

Osteoporotic Fractures

231

(1)

Comment

232

(1)

References

232

(3)

18. Defining Optimal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Younger and Older Adults Based on Hip Bone Mineral Density

Heihe A. Bischoff-Ferrari and Bess Dawson-Hughes

Abstract

235

(1)

PTH Versus BMD in Threshold Assessment for Optimal 25-OHD Levels

236

(1)

Rationale for Assessment of Optimal 25-OHD in the Non-White Population

237

(1)

Methods Applied to Study the Association Between 25-OHD and BMD in a Population-Based Sample

237

(1)

Results

238

(2)

Discussion

240

(2)

References

242

(3)

19. Vitamin D Supplementation in Postmenopausal Black Women Improves Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Turnover in Three Months

Jeri W. Nieves, Barbara Ambrose, Elizabeth Vasquez, Marsha Zion, Felicia Cosman, and Robert Lindsay

Abstract

245

(1)

Introduction

246

(1)

Methods

247

(1)

Results

248

(2)

Discussion

250

(1)

Acknowledgment

251

(1)

References

251

(2)

20. Adherence to Vitamin D Supplementation in Elderly Patients After Hip Fracture

Elena Segal, H. Zinnman, B. Raz, A. Tamir, and S. Ish-Shalom

Abstract

253

(1)

Introduction

254

(1)

Patients and Methods

254

(2)

Results

256

(1)

Discussion

256

(2)

Conclusion

258

(1)

References

259

(4)

21. Vitamin D Round Table

Bess Dawson-Hughes, Robert P. Heaney, Michael Holick, Paul Lips, Pierre J. Meunier, and Reinhold Vieth

Introduction

263

(1)

What is the Optimal Level of 25(OH)D for the Skeleton and Why?

264

(2)

How Much Vitamin D3 is Needed to Reach the Optimal Level of 25(OH)D?

266

(2)

References

268

(5)

PART VII Acid Load From Food-First Part

22. Effects of Diet Acid Load on Bone Health

Lynda A. Frassetto, R. Curtis Morris, Jr, and Anthony Sebastian

Abstract

273

(1)

Determinants of the Setpoint at which Blood Acidity and Plasma Bicarbonate Concentration are Regulated in Normal Subjects

274

(5)

Chronic Metabolic Acidosis and Bone Wasting

279

(2)

Plasma Acid-Base Balance and Diet Acid Load in Humans

281

(7)

Crossing the Neutral Zone

288

(2)

Implications for Further Research

290

(1)

Acknowledgments

290

(1)

References

290

(7)

23. Effect of Various Classes of Foodstuffs and Beverages of Vegetable Origin on Bone Metabolism in the Rat

Roman C. Mühlbauer

Abstract

297

(1)

Introduction

298

(1)

Materials and Methods

299

(3)

Results and Discussion

302

(7)

What Should We Eat?

309

(2)

References

311

(4)

24. A Role for Fruit and Vegetables in Osteoporosis Prevention?

Susan A. New

Abstract

315

(1)

Introduction

316

(1)

Importance of Acid-Base Homeostasis to Optimum Health

316

(1)

A Link Between Acid-Base Maintenance and Skeletal Integrity?

317

(1)

Acidity of Foods and Skeletal Health: Concept of Potential Renal Acid Loads

318

(1)

Positive Link Between Fruit and Vegetables, Alkali, and Bone Health: A Review of Current Evidence

319

(2)

Concept of NEAP and its Potential Impact on the Skeleton

321

(3)

Calcium/Alkali Supplements and Optimum Bone Health

324

(1)

Fruit and Vegetables and Bone: Exploring Other Important Factors

324

(1)

Concluding Remarks

324

(1)

Acknowledgments

325

(1)

References

325

(6)

PART VIII Acid Load From Food--Second Part

25. The Ovine Model for the Study of Dietary Acid Base, Estrogen Depletion and Bone Health

Jennifer M. Macleay, D.L. Wheeler, and A.S. Turner

Abstract

331

(1)

Introduction

332

(1)

Background and Significance

332

(1)

The Influence of Dietary Strong Ions

333

(3)

Determination of Dietary Acid Load

336

(2)

The Dairy Connection

338

(1)

Preliminary Studies

338

(1)

Effect of a Diet Low in Cation-Anion Balance on Bone Mineral Density in Mature Ovariectomized Ewes

339

(6)

Conclusion

345

(1)

Acknowledgments

345

(1)

References

346

(3)

26. The Natural Dietary Potassium Intake of Humans: The Effect of Diet-Induced Potassium-Replete, Chloride-Sufficient, Chronic Low-Grade Metabolic Alkalosis, or Stone Age Diets for the 21st Century

Lynda A. Frassetto, R. Curtis Morris, Jr, and Anthony Sebastian

Abstract

349

(1)

Ancestral Dietary Patterns

350

(8)

Ancestral Potassium Intakes

358

(2)

Acid-Base Relationship to Bone Health and Bone Mineral Density

360

(1)

Conclusions

361

(1)

Implications for Further Research

361

(1)

Acknowledgments

362

(1)

References

362

(7)

PART IX Protein

27. N-Acetyl Cysteine Supplementation of Growing Mice: Effects on Skeletal Size, Bone Mineral Density, and Serum IGF-I

Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell, Wesley G. Beamer, and Clifford J. Rosen

Abstract

369

(1)

Introduction

370

(1)

Materials and Methods

371

(1)

Results

372

(3)

Discussion

375

(1)

References

376

(3)

28. Dietary Protein Intakes and Bone Strength

René Rizzoli, Patrick Ammann, Thierry Chevalley, and Jean-Philippe Bonjour

Introduction

379

(1)

Dietary Protein and Bone Mass Gain

380

(1)

Dietary Protein and Bone Mineral Mass

381

(3)

Dietary Protein and Bone Homeostasis

384

(4)

Effects of Correcting Protein Insufficiency

388

(1)

Dietary Protein and Fracture Risk

389

(1)

Conclusions

390

(1)

Acknowledgments

391

(1)

References

391

(8)

29. Dietary Protein and the Skeleton

Bess Dawson-Hughes

Abstract

399

(1)

Dietary Protein and Serum IGF-1

400

(1)

Protein and Acid-Base Balance

401

(1)

Protein and Urine Calcium Excretion

402

(1)

Protein and Calcium Absorption

402

(1)

Dietary Protein and Bone Turnover

403

(1)

Protein, Bone Loss, and Fractures

403

(2)

Potential Impact of Calcium Intake on Link Between Protein and Bone

405

(1)

References

406

(7)

PART X Protein-Mineral Water

30. Milk Basic Protein Increases Bone Mineral Density and Improves Bone Metabolism in Humans

Yukihiro Takada, Seiichiro Aoe, Yasuhiro Toba, Kazuhiro Uenishi, Akira Takeuchi, Akira Itabashi

Abstract

413

(1)

Introduction

414

(2)

Human Study 1

416

(7)

Human Study 2

423

(3)

Conclusion

426

(1)

References

427

(4)

31. Dietary Balance in Physically Active and Inactive Girls

Jaana A. Nurmi-Lawton, Adam Baxter Jones, Pat Taylor, Cyrus Cooper, Jacki Bishop, and Susan New

Abstract

431

(1)

Introduction

432

(1)

AIMS

433

(1)

Subjects and Methods

433

(1)

Results

433

(2)

Discussion

435

(2)

References

437

(2)

32. Mineral Waters: Effects on Bone and Bone Metabolism

Peter Burckhardt

Introduction

439

(1)

Calcium

440

(1)

Sodium

441

(1)

Sulfates

442

(1)

Carbonated Beverages

442

(1)

Fluoride

442

(1)

Acid Load

443

(1)

Alkaline Load

444

(1)

Potassium

445

(1)

Conclusions

445

(1)

References

445

(4)

Index

449

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Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis

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