Occupational Safety Management and Engineering

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ISBN: 9780138965150 | 0138965153
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/14/2000

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This revised text provides readers with the most current information available on a wide range of topics. Topics covered include workers' compensation, fault tree analysis, hearing protection, environmental protection, fire protection, workers with disabilities, ergonomics, OSHA violation policy, and much more. For anyone interested in industrial safety.

Preface

Accident Losses

(14)

Costs of Well-Being

(1)

The Industrial Revolution and Accidents

(1)

Increasing Hazards

(1)

Physical Effects of Accidents

(2)

Numbers of Accidents vs. Costs

(3)

Lessening Safety Costs

(1)

Accident Losses for Personnel vs. Equipment and Facilities

(2)

Increasing Magnitude of Accident Losses

(1)

Awards for Injuries

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Liabilities and Safety Legislation

(14)

Statute Law

(1)

Common Law

(1)

Misadventure (Accident)

(1)

Strict Liability

(2)

Industrial Revolution

(1)

Negligence

(3)

American Laws

(1)

Steam Engines, Boats, and Locomotives

(1)

The Fourteenth Amendment and Safety

(1)

Liability Laws

(1)

Workers' Compensation Laws

(1)

Later Actions

(1)

Resurgence of Strict Liability

(2)

Limited Liability

(1)

Excused Negligence

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Workers' Compensation

(23)

Obligations to Employees

(1)

Workers' Compensation Laws

(2)

Problems of Nonuniformity

(2)

Coverages

(1)

Workers' Compensation Insurance

(1)

Costs of Workers' Compensation Insurance

(3)

Insurance Rating Systems

(1)

Keeping Workers' Compensation Costs Down

(2)

Workers' Compensation Reform

(1)

Requirements for Benefits

(1)

Disagreements

(1)

Injury Resulting from an Accident

(1)

Injury Arising out of Employment

(2)

Types of Disabilities

(1)

Monetary Disability Benefits

(1)

Death Benefits

(1)

Extent of Medical Benefits

(1)

Injury and Claim Notices

(1)

Hearings

(1)

Action against a Third Party

(3)

Inadequacy of Workers' Compensation

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Oshact and its Administration

(21)

New Concepts of Accident Avoidance

(2)

Enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct)

(1)

Other Organizations

(1)

State Industrial Safety Programs

(2)

Responsibilities of Employers and Employees

(1)

Inspections

(1)

Violations and Penalties

(3)

Standards

(1)

Record Keeping

(1)

Impact of OSHA

(2)

OSHA and Hazard Minimization

(1)

Antagonism toward OSHA

(3)

The New Millennium

(1)

The New OSHA

(4)

Exercises

(1)

Standards, Codes, and Other Safety Documents

(14)

Uses for Standards and Codes

(2)

Mandatory vs. Voluntary Standards

(3)

Objections to Consensus Standards

(1)

Test Standards

(1)

Differences in Standards

(2)

Changing Standards

(1)

Inadequacies of Standards

(1)

Standards and Analyses

(1)

Proliferation of Standards

(1)

Status of OSHA Standards

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Engineers and Safety

(11)

Accomplishments of Engineers

(1)

Engineering and Accidents

(1)

Steam Equipment and Accidents

(1)

Technical Societies and Safety

(1)

Inadequacy of Engineering Schools

(1)

Engineers as Causers of Accidents

(1)

Registration of Engineers

(4)

Possible Improvements in Registration

(2)

Bibliography

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Management and its Responsibilities

(22)

Safety Policies

(2)

OSHAct and Management

100

(1)

Actions against Managers

100

(2)

Management Attitudes toward Safety

102

(4)

Middle Managers

106

(1)

Foremen/Forewomen and Safety

106

(1)

Procedural Safeguards

107

(1)

Management and Supervision

108

(2)

Safety Efforts of Other Managers

110

(2)

Hazardous Operations

112

(1)

Personnel

113

(1)

Personal Protective Equipment

114

(1)

Checklist for Managers

115

(1)

Safety Information System

115

(3)

Bibliography

118

(1)

Exercises

119

(1)

The Changing Roles of Safety Personnel

120

(7)

Safety Laws and Safety Engineers

121

(1)

Safety Personnel

122

(1)

``Safety Man''

123

(1)

Safety Engineer

123

(2)

Production and Processing Losses

125

(1)

Growing Areas within Safety

125

(1)

Bibliography

126

(1)

Exercises

126

(1)

Personnel

127

(32)

Disabled Personnel in the Workplace

128

(2)

Older Personnel in the Workforce

130

(1)

Human Error

130

(1)

Designing and Planning Errors

131

(1)

Production Errors

132

(3)

Operations Errors

135

(1)

Two-Person Concept

136

(1)

Human vs. Machine

136

(1)

The Biochemical Machine

137

(1)

Motivation

138

(1)

Violence in the Workplace

139

(2)

Judgment

141

(1)

Accident-Prone Persons

142

(2)

Quantitative Error Prediction

144

(1)

Human Factors Engineering

145

(1)

Procedural Means of Accident Prevention

146

(1)

Critical Operations

146

(3)

Responsibilities of the Individual Worker

149

(2)

Procedure Analysis

151

(4)

Outputs of Procedure Analysis

155

(1)

Contingency Analysis

155

(2)

Bibliography

157

(1)

Exercises

157

(2)

Promoting Safe Practices

159

(12)

The Behavior-Based Safety Approach

160

(2)

The Regulatory Approach: Safety Rules

162

(1)

Employee Participation

162

(1)

Critical Incident Technique

163

(1)

Other Methods

164

(1)

Suggestion Programs

164

(1)

Union Participation

165

(1)

Safety Training

165

(2)

In-depth Training

167

(1)

Maintaining Awareness

168

(1)

General Comments on Safety Committees

168

(1)

Safety Committee Duties

169

(1)

Bibliography

170

(1)

Exercises

170

(1)

Appraising Plant Safety

171

(18)

New Plants and Equipment Designs

172

(1)

Existing Plants and Equipment

172

(1)

Indicating Plant Hazards

173

(1)

Safety Inspections

174

(1)

Checklists

175

(1)

Quantitative Appraisals

176

(1)

Problems with Validity of Statistics

176

(2)

Problems with Quantitative Rates

178

(1)

Validity of Statistical Comparisons

179

(1)

Risk Assessments

180

(4)

Acceptance of Risk

184

(2)

Risk Communication

186

(1)

Bibliography

187

(1)

Exercises

187

(2)

Hazards and their Control

189

(26)

Determining Existence of Hazards

190

(2)

Eliminating and Controlling Hazards

192

(2)

Isolation, Lockouts, Lockins, and Interlocks

194

(6)

Failure Minimization

200

(1)

Safety Factors and Margins

200

(3)

Monitoring

203

(3)

Warning Means and Devices

206

(1)

Safe Procedures

207

(1)

Backout and Recovery

207

(4)

Damage Minimization and Containment

211

(1)

Physical Isolation

211

(1)

Weak Links

212

(1)

Escape, Survival, and Rescue

213

(1)

Bibliography

214

(1)

Exercises

214

(1)

Planning for Emergencies

215

(14)

Medical Responses in Emergencies

215

(13)

Bibliography

228

(1)

Exercises

228

(1)

Accident Investigations

229

(11)

Investigating Board Chairman's Responsibilities

232

(1)

Contributing Personnel

232

(2)

Conducting the Investigation

234

(1)

Accident Reports

235

(2)

Corrective Actions

237

(1)

Insurance Claims

237

(2)

Other Aspects of Accident Investigations

239

(1)

Exercises

239

(1)

Safety Analysis

240

(19)

General

240

(1)

Preliminary Hazards Analysis

241

(4)

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

245

(1)

Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)

245

(1)

Fault Tree Symbols

246

(8)

Safety Analysis Methods Mandated for Process Safety Management

254

(3)

Bibliography

257

(1)

Exercises

258

(1)

Acceleration, Falls, Falling Objects, and Other Impacts

259

(12)

Falls

259

(3)

Preventive Measures Against Falls

262

(3)

Impacting Objects

265

(2)

Other Acceleration Effects

267

(3)

Bibliography

270

(1)

Exercises

270

(1)

Mechanical Injuries

271

(8)

Cutting and Tearing

271

(1)

Shearing

272

(1)

Crushing

272

(1)

Breaking

273

(1)

Machine Guards and Safety Devices

273

(1)

Guards

274

(2)

Precautionary Measures

276

(1)

Exercises

277

(2)

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

279

(12)

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Work Related or Not Work Related?

280

(1)

The Effects of WMSDs

281

(1)

Worker-related Factors Associated with MSDs

282

(1)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

283

(1)

Nonoccupational Factors of CTS

283

(1)

Low Back Pain

284

(2)

Back Belts

286

(1)

Ergonomics: A Program to Control WMSDs

287

(3)

Bibliography

290

(1)

Exercises

290

(1)

Heat and Temperature

291

(21)

Effects on Personnel

291

(5)

Classification of Burn Severities

296

(1)

Burns to the Eye

297

(1)

Other Temperature Effects on Personnel

297

(1)

High Temperatures

298

(7)

Additional Effects

305

(6)

Bibliography

311

(1)

Exercises

311

(1)

Pressure Hazards

312

(29)

Unfired Pressure Vessels

314

(3)

Discharges from Safety Valves

317

(1)

Dynamic Pressure Hazards

317

(2)

Water Hammer

319

(1)

Negative Pressure (Vacuums)

320

(1)

Testing of Pressure Systems

320

(1)

Leaks

321

(2)

Effects of Leakage

323

(1)

Leak Detection

324

(1)

Dysbarism and Decompression Sickness

324

(4)

Compressed-Gas Cylinders

328

(8)

Bibliography

336

(4)

Exercises

340

(1)

Electrical Hazards

341

(34)

Shock

341

(1)

Other Factors

342

(2)

Causes of Shock

344

(2)

Electrical Insulation Failures

346

(1)

Equipment Failures

347

(2)

Other Shock Protection

349

(5)

Static Electricity

354

(5)

Lightning

359

(2)

Ignition of Combustible Materials

361

(1)

Containment of Discharges

361

(1)

Inherently Safe Devices

361

(4)

Heating and Overheating

365

(1)

Circuit and Equipment Protection

366

(1)

Unit Protection

367

(1)

Why an Open Circuit?

368

(6)

Exercises

374

(1)

Fires and Fire Suppression

375

(50)

Fuels

375

(3)

Oxidizers

378

(1)

Gases

379

(1)

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

379

(7)

Flammable Solids

386

(1)

Ignition

387

(7)

Ignition Sources

394

(1)

Ignition Delay

394

(2)

Effects of Fire on Personnel

396

(3)

Fire Detection Systems

399

(1)

Fire Classifications

400

(1)

Fire Suppression

401

(7)

Extinguishing Systems

408

(11)

Bibliography

419

(1)

Exercises

419

(6)

Explosions and Explosives

425

(15)

Industrial Usage and Problems

425

(4)

Materials That Will Explode

429

(2)

Explosive Effects

431

(3)

Preventing Explosion Damage

434

(5)

Bibliography

439

(1)

Exercises

439

(1)

Hazards of Toxic Materials

440

(37)

Toxic Materials

440

(1)

Routes to Injury Sites

441

(1)

Hypoxia

441

(4)

Hypoxic Hypoxia

445

(3)

Mechanisms of Toxic Agents

448

(10)

Measurement of Toxicity

458

(3)

Detection of Toxic Agents

461

(1)

Respiratory Protective Equipment

461

(14)

Bibliography

475

(1)

Exercises

476

(1)

Environments

477

(20)

OSHA and EPA

477

(3)

Types of Environments

480

(1)

Natural and Induced Environments

480

(4)

Controlled Environments

484

(1)

Closed or free Environments

484

(2)

Hazards of the Environment

486

(1)

Detecting Adverse Environments

486

(3)

Protection against the Environment

489

(3)

Industrial Ecology

492

(3)

Bibliography

495

(1)

Exercises

496

(1)

Confined-Space Entry

497

(9)

What Is a Confined Space?

498

(2)

Atmospheric Hazards

500

(1)

Physical Hazards

501

(1)

Chemical, Biological, Radiation

501

(1)

Management Responsibilities for Confined Spaces

501

(3)

Bibliography

504

(1)

Exercises

505

(1)

Radiation

506

(26)

Ionizing Radiation

508

(4)

Factors Affecting Exposure and Risk

512

(1)

Sources of Ionizing Radiation

512

(3)

Beneficial Uses of Ionizing Radiation

515

(1)

Fears of Nuclear Radiation

515

(4)

Ionizing/Nonionizing Interface

519

(1)

Nonionizing Radiations

519

(8)

Radio Frequency Radiation of Wireless Communication Devices

527

(4)

Bibliography

531

(1)

Exercises

531

(1)

Vibration and Noise

532

(25)

Effects of Vibration, Sound, and Noise

533

(8)

Mechanism of Hearing Injuries

541

(1)

Elements of a Hearing Conservation Program (HCP)

542

(5)

Annoyance

547

(1)

Distraction

547

(1)

Interference and Masking

548

(1)

Other Vibration Effects

548

(6)

Bibliography

554

(1)

Exercises

554

(3)

Computers and Safety

557

(20)

Safety Uses of Computers

558

(1)

Safety Problems to Workers

559

(1)

Accidents with Computerized Equipment

559

(1)

Computer Inabilities

559

(3)

Programming Errors

562

(1)

Avoiding Human Errors

562

(1)

Safety Data Processing

562

(1)

Avoiding Safety Problems

563

(1)

Computer Controls against Hazards

563

(1)

Computers and Hazard Analyses

564

(1)

Simulations

564

(1)

Software Hazard Categories

565

(1)

Software Analysis

565

(2)

Software Hazard Analysis Techniques

567

(5)

Tailoring Software Analysis

572

(1)

Robots and Accidents

573

(2)

For the Future

575

(1)

Bibliography

575

(1)

Exercises

575

(2)

Bibliography

577

(6)

Index

583

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Occupational Safety Management and Engineering

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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