Oceans and Oceanography

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ISBN: 9781615303342 | 1615303340
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/15/2011

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Constituting more than 70 percent of Earths surface, the worlds oceans are so vast as to remain something of an enigma to this day. Navigating these imposing seas and unlocking their secrets is the calling of oceanographers. Their research helps determine what climatic, geologic, and chemical impact oceans have on a variety of organisms. In spite of their magnitude and might, the worlds oceans are not immune to the effects of adverse human activity, such as pollution. This volume surveys this huge, but fragile, ecosystem and the individuals who help fight for the preservation of this vital resource that has critical significance to all earthly life.

Introduction	p. x
The Ocean	p. 1
Relative Distribution of the Oceans	p. 2
Hypsometry	p. 5
Major Subdivisions of the Oceans	p. 5
Origin of Ocean Waters	p. 8
Composition of Seawater	p. 10
Dissolved Inorganic Substances	p. 11
Dissolved Organic Substances	p. 17
Effects of Human Activities	p. 19
The Physical Properties of Seawater	p. 20
Salinity Distribution	p. 20
Horse Latitudes	p. 22
Temperature Distribution	p. 23
Thermal Properties	p. 26
Density of Seawater and Pressure	p. 28
Optical Properties	p. 32
Acoustic Properties	p. 36
Chemical Evolution of the Oceans	p. 39
The Early Oceans	p. 39
The Transition Stage	p. 44
The Modern Oceans	p. 47
Ocean Basins	p. 49
Sea Level	p. 51
Exploration of the Ocean Basins	p. 52
Seasat	p. 55
Deep-Sea Sediments	p. 56
Sediment Types	p. 56
Sedimentation Patterns	p. 57
Evolution of the Ocean Basins Through Plate Movements	p. 58
Island Arcs	p. 61
Ocean Basin Features	p. 63
Abyssal Hills	p. 63
Continental Margins	p. 64
Continental Rises	p. 70
Continental Shelves	p. 71
Continental Slopes	p. 76
Deep-Sea Trenches	p. 77
Oceanic Crust	p. 83
Oceanic Plateaus	p. 90
Oceanic Ridges	p. 92
Circulation and Waves	p. 104
The Circulation of the Ocean Waters	p. 104
Distribution of Ocean Currents	p. 105
Causes of Ocean Currents	p. 106
Pressure Gradients	p. 107
Coriolis Effect	p. 108
Frictional Forces	p. 109
Geostrophic Currents	p. 110
Density Currents in the Oceans	p. 111
Ekman Layer	p. 112
Wind-Driven Circulation	p. 114
Equatorial Currents	p. 115
The Subtropical Gyres	p. 116
The Subpolar Gyres	p. 117
Antarctic Circumpolar Current	p. 118
Thermohaline Circulation	p. 119
Waves of the Sea	p. 124
Surface Gravity Waves	p. 125
Tsunamis	p. 131
Seiche Waves and Internal Waves	p. 132
Ocean Tides	p. 134
Tide-Generating Forces	p. 134
Tidal Bores	p. 137
The Climatic and Economic Impacts of the Oceans	p. 139
Seasonal and Interannual Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions	p. 139
The Link Between Ocean Surface Temperature and Climate Anomalies	p. 141
Formation of Tropical Cyclones	p. 145
Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Ocean Waters	p. 146
Influence on Atmospheric Circulation and Rainfall	p. 147
The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Systems	p. 148
The Gulf Stream	p. 148
The Kuroshio Current	p. 152
The Poleward Transfer of Heat	p. 153
El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Climatic Change	p. 155
The El Niño Phenomenon	p. 156
The Southern Oscillation	p. 160
Economic Aspects of the Oceans	p. 164
Medium for Transportation and Communications	p. 164
Source of Food and Water	p. 165
Energy Resources	p. 168
Source of Minerals and Other Raw Materials	p. 171
Deepwater Disaster	p. 172
Waste Disposal and Other Related Actions	p. 178
Oceanography	p. 180
Ancient Oceanography	p. 182
The Discovery of the Hydrologic Cycle	p. 182
The Initial Studies of the Tides	p. 183
Early Oceanography	p. 183
The Rise of Subterranean Water	p. 184
Evaporation from the Sea	p. 185
Oceanography in the 19th Century	p. 186
Oceanography in the 20th Century	p. 190
Ocean Circulation, Currents, and Waves	p. 191
Ocean Bathymetry	p. 193
Bathymetry	p. 194
Water Resources and Seawater Chemistry	p. 195
Desalinization, Tidal Power, and Minerals from the Sea	p. 196
Marine Geology	p. 197
Undersea Exploration	p. 197
Basic Elements of Undersea Exploration	p. 200
Dead Reckoning	p. 204
Methodology and Instrumentation	p. 205
Nansen Bottle	p. 210
Sonar	p. 216
Conclusion	p. 224
Marine Explorers and Oceanographers	p. 226
Alexander Agassiz	p. 226
Prince Albert I of Monaco	p. 227
Robert Ballard	p. 228
Jacques-Yves Cousteau	p. 230
Robert S. Dietz	p. 232
Vagn Walfrid Ekman	p. 233
Richard H. Fleming	p. 235
Bjørn Helland-Hansen	p. 236
Columbus O'Donnell Iselin	p. 236
Matthew Fontaine Maury	p. 237
Walter Munk	p. 239
Sir John Murray	p. 242
Fridtjof Nansen	p. 242
Jacques Piccard	p. 244
Francis P. Shepard	p. 246
Henry Melson Stommel	p. 246
Georg Wüst	p. 247
Appendix	p. 249
Glossary	p. 250
Bibliography	p. 252
Index	p. 260
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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