The Offender in the Community

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ISBN: 9780534253745 | 0534253741
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/23/1999

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A thoroughly modern approach to community-based corrections, this comprehensive and logically-organized book presents in a balanced fashion all the alternatives to institutionalization, including electronic monitoring, house arrest, day-treatment, boot camp and fines. The book also emphasizes the human aspects of this growing field.

Preface

PART 1 The Foundations of Community Corrections

(89)

The Offender in the Community

(16)

Criminals in Our Midst

(1)

Offenders Among Us: An Entirely Normal Circumstance

(2)

How Offenders in the Community Behave

(4)

Supervision Methods Applied to Offenders in the Community

(2)

Enforcement of Conditions

(1)

Case Management

(1)

Counseling and Assistance

(1)

The Study of Community Corrections

(3)

The Systems of Perspective

(1)

The Evidence Perspective

(1)

The Bureaucratic Perspective

(1)

The People Perspective

(1)

Summary

(3)

Key Concepts and Ideas in Community-Based Corrections

(28)

Corrections as Part of the Criminal Justice System

(6)

The Legislative Phase of Criminal Justice

(5)

The Apprehension Phase

(1)

The Adjudication Phase

(1)

The Correctional Phase

(1)

Community-Based Corrections as Part of the Corrections Subsystem

(1)

Community Corrections: Defining the Major Strategies

(3)

Diversion

(1)

Probation

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions

(1)

Early Release

(1)

Parole

(1)

The Objectives of Corrections

(3)

The Punishment Function

(1)

The Crime Prevention Function

(2)

The Objectives of Community Corrections

(4)

Key Expectations of Community Corrections

(3)

Changing Offenders

(1)

Punishing Offenders

(1)

Controlling Offenders

(1)

Managing Offenders

(1)

Key Controversies in Community Corrections

(2)

Leniency Versus Toughness

(1)

Bias in Decision Making

(1)

Net Widening and Social Control

(1)

Measuring Recidivism

(1)

Summary

(4)

Offenders in the Community Through History

(22)

Predemocratic Correctional Practice

(4)

The Development of the Democratic Ideal

(2)

The Origins of Parole

(2)

The History and Development of Probation

(3)

Benefit of Clergy

(1)

Judicial Reprieve

(1)

Recognizance

(1)

John Augustus

(1)

Philosophies of the Offender in the Community Through History

(5)

The Reform Era

(1)

The Rehabilitation Era

(1)

The Reintegration Era

(1)

The War on Crime

(1)

The Origins of Intermediate Sanctions

(1)

Summary

(3)

The Classification of Crimes and Criminals

(23)

The Importance of Classification

(2)

Classifying the Offender

(4)

Risk

(1)

Needs

(2)

Suitability for Treatment

(1)

The Aim of Offender-Based Classifications: The Crime Prevention Function

(1)

Classifying the Offense

(6)

Offense Seriousness Scales

(1)

Violent Crimes Versus Nonviolent Crimes

(2)

Drug Offenses

(1)

Sex Offenses

(1)

The Aim of Offense-Based Classifications: The Punishment Function

(1)

Placing the Offender in Community Corrections

(3)

Exclusions Based upon Offense

(2)

Exclusions Based upon Offender Characteristics

(1)

Program Salience (Responsivity)

(1)

Problems in Classifying Offenders

(2)

Overlap and Ambiguity in Classification Systems

(1)

Sociopolitical Pressures and Classification

(1)

Distinctions in the Criteria for Classifying Offenders

(1)

Summary

(3)

PART 2 The Functions of Community Corrections

(180)

Offenders Under Diversion

(41)

The Philosophy of Diversion

(1)

Histrical Background of Diversion

(1)

Goals and Benefits of Diversion

(1)

Problems with Diversion

(2)

Diversion at Various Stages of the Justice System

(8)

Diversion from Arrest

(1)

Diversion from Prosecution

(4)

Diversion from Jail

102

(1)

Diversion from Imprisonment

103

(1)

Restitution and Community Service

104

(12)

Background of Restitution

104

(1)

Benefits of Restitution

105

(3)

Background of Community Service

108

(3)

Benefits of Community Service

111

(5)

Diversion of Drug Offenders

116

(5)

The TASC Program

117

(1)

DTAP Program

117

(1)

Drug Diversion in Australia

118

(2)

Drug Courts

120

(1)

Diversion and Community Corrections

121

(3)

How Diversion Serves the System

121

(1)

Diversion Bureaucracies

122

(2)

Evidence About Diversion Programs

124

(1)

The Future of Diversion

124

(3)

Summary

127

(4)

Probation

131

(50)

The Organization of Probation Today

136

(3)

Should Probation Be Centralized or Decentralized?

137

(1)

Who Should Administer Probation?

137

(1)

Should Probation Be Combined with Parole?

137

(2)

The Two Functions of Probation: Investigation and Supervision

139

(2)

The Investigation Function

141

(17)

Purpose

141

(1)

Contents

142

(2)

Reliability and Validity

144

(1)

Sentencing Recommendations

144

(1)

Disclosure

145

(1)

Private PSIs

145

(10)

Getting Probation

155

(1)

Intensive Probation Supervision

155

(1)

Felony Probation

156

(2)

The Supervision Function

158

(4)

The Conditions of Probation

158

(1)

Reporting

159

(1)

Enforcing the Terms of Probation

160

(2)

The Probation Officer

162

(1)

The Offender

163

(1)

The Bureaucracy

164

(1)

Special Needs of Women Offenders

165

(2)

What Must Be Done

166

(1)

Drugs and Probation Supervision

167

(2)

Federal Probation

169

(1)

Advantages of Probation

169

(1)

Lower Cost

169

(1)

Maintains Community Ties

169

(1)

Promotes Rehabilitation

170

(1)

Reduces Stigmatization

170

(1)

Avoids Criminalization

170

(1)

Disadvantages of Probation

170

(1)

Protection of Community Compromised

170

(1)

Justice Concerns

170

(1)

Possible Abuse of Discretion by Judges and Probation Officers

171

(1)

Research on Probation Effectiveness

171

(1)

Supervision Effectiveness

172

(2)

Revocation and Termination of Probation

174

(1)

The Future of Probation

175

(2)

Summary

177

(4)

Parole

181

(50)

Getting Out of Prison

182

(1)

Origins of Parole

183

(2)

Parole Release

185

(5)

Different Kinds of Parole Release

190

(3)

Mandatory Release

190

(1)

Discretionary Release

191

(2)

Other Kinds of Prison Release Programs

193

(4)

Pardon

194

(1)

Amnesty

195

(1)

Commutation

195

(1)

Reprieve

195

(1)

Furlough

196

(1)

Work Release

197

(1)

Shock Parole

197

(1)

How Parole Works

197

(7)

Parole Eligibility

199

(1)

The Preparole Investigation

200

(2)

The Parole Hearing

202

(1)

Preparing for Release

203

(1)

The Parole Board

204

(1)

The Organization of Releasing Authorities

204

(4)

Autonomous Versus Consolidated

205

(1)

Field Services

206

(1)

Full-Time Versus Part-Time

206

(1)

Appointment

206

(1)

Parole Board and Officer Liability

207

(1)

Truth in Sentencing

208

(1)

Postrelease Supervision

209

(4)

The Strangeness of Reentry

213

(1)

The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs

214

(1)

Barriers to Success

214

(5)

Employment

214

(2)

Stigmatization

216

(1)

Civil Disabilities

216

(3)

Restoring the Rights of Ex-Offenders

219

(1)

Aftercare

219

(3)

Revocation

222

(1)

Street Time

223

(1)

Advantages of Parole

224

(1)

Lower Cost

224

(1)

Controls the Prison Population

224

(1)

Mitigates Harshness of Sentencing Codes

224

(1)

Restitution

224

(1)

Rehabilitation

225

(1)

Disadvantages of Parole

225

(1)

Increased Risk to the Community

225

(1)

Justice Is Not Served

225

(1)

Rehabilitation Is Not Working

225

(1)

Abuse of Discretion

225

(1)

Should Parole Be Eliminated?

225

(1)

The Effectiveness of Parole

226

(2)

Summary

228

(3)

Intermediate Sanctions

231

(39)

Historical Background of Intermediate Sanctions

232

(1)

Purposes of Intermediate Sanctions

233

(1)

The Case for Intermediate Sanctions

233

(3)

Unnecessary Imprisonment

234

(1)

Limitations of Probation

235

(1)

Improving Justice

235

(1)

The Continuum of Sanctions Concept

236

(1)

Problems with Intermediate Sanctions

237

(2)

Agencies

237

(1)

Offenders

238

(1)

Widening the Net

238

(1)

Varieties of Intermediate Sanctions

239

(19)

Judicial Programs

242

(4)

Probation Supervision Programs

246

(9)

Corrections-Administered Programs

255

(3)

Evaluation of Intermediate Sanctions

258

(1)

Sentencing Issues

260

(1)

Selection of Offenders

261

(2)

Surveillance and Control

263

(1)

The New Corrections Professional

264

The Future of Intermediate Sanctions

258

(7)

Summary

265

(5)

PART 3 The Aims of Community Corrections

270

(143)

Community Corrections

270

(22)

The Fiscal Politics of Community Corrections

272

(2)

The Enabling Legislation of Community Corrections Acts

274

(1)

Local Alternatives to Imprisonment

274

(1)

The Target Group and the Payback Formula

274

(1)

Exploring the Assumptions of Community Corrections

275

(11)

Target Group

275

(2)

Funding Source

277

(4)

Programming Level

281

(3)

Accountability

284

(2)

Why Community Corrections Is a Growing Idea

286

(1)

Problems Faced by the Community Corrections Approach

286

(3)

The Future of Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections

289

(1)

Summary

289

(3)

The Juvenile Offender in the Community

292

(32)

Important Differences Between Adult and Juvenile Offenders

294

(6)

Juveniles Are Young and May Easily Change

295

(1)

Juveniles Have a High Rate of Desistance from Crime

296

(1)

Juveniles' Families Are an Important Part of Their Lives

296

(2)

Juveniles Are Easily Influenced by Their Peers

298

(1)

Juveniles Have Little Responsibility for Anyone Other Than Themselves

299

(1)

Juveniles Who do Not Fit the Usual Pattern of Juvenile Behavior

300

(3)

The Development of the Juvenile Court

303

(3)

Juvenile Community Corrections

306

(7)

Juvenile Probation

307

(2)

Privatized Juvenile Probation

309

(1)

Juvenile Aftercare

310

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions for Juveniles

311

(2)

Juvenile Community Corrections Acts

313

(3)

Special Juvenile Correctional Programs

316

(4)

Diversion

316

(1)

Restitution and Community Service

317

(1)

Intensive Probation Supervision for Juveniles

317

(1)

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring

318

(1)

Balanced Probation

318

(1)

School Probation Programs

319

(1)

Community Volunteers

319

(1)

The Prospects of Supervising Juveniles in the Community

320

(1)

Summary

321

(3)

Managing the Offender in the Community

324

(25)

The Risk Management Function

326

(1)

Background of Risk Assessment

326

(1)

The Concept of Risk

327

(1)

The Theory of Risk Management

328

(2)

Measuring Risk

330

(3)

Type I and Type II Error

333

(1)

Managing Risk

334

(4)

Supervision Levels

335

(1)

Supervision Continuum

335

(2)

Structured Enforcement

337

(1)

Case Management Systems

338

(4)

Classification: Risk and Needs Assessment

339

(1)

Supervision Planning

339

(1)

Workload Accounting

340

(2)

Risk Management and Public Accountability

342

(1)

Issues in the Risk Management Function

342

(3)

The Effectivenss of Risk Control

343

(1)

The Inevitability of Error

344

(1)

The Professional Role of the Case Manager

345

(1)

New and Emerging Case Management Approaches

346

(1)

Summary

347

(2)

Reducing Risk Through Correctional Treatment

349

(22)

The Debate About Risk Reduction

350

(3)

Arguments Against the Treatment Ideal

351

(2)

Problems with the Devaluation of Treatment

353

(1)

How Meta-Analysis Works

353

(1)

What the Meta-Analysis Tell Us

353

(8)

The Meta-Analysis of Risk Indicators

355

(1)

Meta-Analysis of Treatment Programs and Their Outcomes

356

(4)

Reliability of the New Meta-Analyses of Treatments

360

(1)

Treatment Programs for Special Problems of Offenders

361

(5)

Drug-Abusing Offenders

361

(1)

Sex Offenders

362

(2)

Mentally Ill Offenders

364

(1)

Low-Intelligence Offenders

365

(1)

Lifestyle Offenders

365

(1)

Special Supervision Programs

366

(1)

The Future of Risk Reduction

367

(1)

Summary

368

(3)

Promoting Justice in the Community

371

(31)

Justice, Crime, and Society

372

(8)

What Is Justice?

380

(2)

Justice as a Sanction

381

(1)

Justice as Problem Solving

382

(1)

Justice as Restoration of Community Life

382

(1)

A Community Corrections View of Justice

382

(4)

Sanctioning Systems

383

(3)

Problem Solving in Community Justice

386

(3)

Restoration of the Community

389

(3)

The Tasks of the Offender

390

(1)

The Tasks of the Victim

391

(1)

The Tasks of the Community

391

(1)

Issues in the Pursuit of Justice in the Community

392

(7)

Three Arguments in Favor of Community Justice

392

(4)

Three Questions About Community Justice

396

(3)

The Future of Community Justice

399

(1)

Summary

399

(3)

The Future of the Offender in the Community

402

(11)

Four Forces That Will Shape the Future

404

(3)

Politics

404

(1)

Technology

405

(1)

Economy

406

(1)

Crime

407

(1)

Six Questions to Ponder About the Supervision of Offenders in the Community

407

(4)

The Offenders in the Community: An Opportunity

411

(2)

Glossary

413

(6)

Index

419

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The Offender in the Community

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials