Oil and Gas Pipelines Integrity and Safety Handbook

• Covers a wide variety of topics, including design, pipe manufacture, pipeline welding, human factors, residual stresses, mechanical damage, fracture and corrosion, protection, inspection and monitoring, pipeline cleaning, direct assessment, repair, risk management, and abandonment
• Links modern and vintage practices to help integrity engineers better understand their system and apply up-to-date technology to older infrastructure
• Includes case histories with examples of solutions to complex problems related to pipeline integrity
• Includes chapters on stress-based and strain-based design, the latter being a novel type of design that has only recently been investigated by designer firms and regulators
• Provides information to help those who are responsible to establish procedures for ensuring pipeline integrity and safety

PREFACE xxxi

CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii

PART I DESIGN

1 Pipeline Integrity Management Systems (PIMS) 3
Ray Goodfellow and Katherine Jonsson

2 SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 13
Michael VanderZee, Doug Fisher, Gail Powley, and Rumi Mohammad

3 Material Selection for Fracture Control 27
William Tyson

4 Strain-Based Design of Pipelines 37
Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi

5 Stress-Based Design of Pipelines 49
Mavis Sika Okyere

6 Spiral Welded Pipes for Shallow Offshore Applications 67
Ayman Eltaher

7 Residual Stress in Pipelines 73
Paul Prevey and Douglas Hornbach

8 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Modeling in Support of Pipeline Engineering Design and Integrity 99
Shawn Kenny and Paul Jukes

9 Human Factors 143
Lorna Harron

PART II MANUFACTURE, FABRICATION, AND CONSTRUCTION

10 Microstructure and Texture Development in Pipeline Steels 159
Roumen H. Petrov, John J. Jonas, Leo A.I. Kestens, and J. Malcolm Gray

11 Pipe Manufacture—Introduction 187
Gerhard Knauf and Axel Kulgemeyer

12 Pipe Manufacture—Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded Large Diameter Pipe 189
Christoph Kalwa

13 Pipe Manufacture—Spiral Pipe 195
Franz Martin Knoop

14 Pipe Manufacture—ERW Pipe 203
Holger Brauer and Hendrik Löbbe

15 Pipe Manufacture—Seamless Tube and Pipe 211
Rolf Kümmerling and Klaus Kraemer

16 Major Standards for Line Pipe Manufacturing and Testing 223
Gerhard Knauf and Axel Kulgemeyer

17 Design of Steels for Large Diameter Sour Service Pipelines 225
Nobuyuki Ishikawa

18 Pipeline Welding from the Perspective of Safety and Integrity 233
David Dorling and James Gianetto

19 The Effect of Installation on Offshore Pipeline Integrity 253
Robert O'Grady

PART III THREATS TO INTEGRITY AND SAFETY

20 External Corrosion of Pipelines in Soil 267
Homero Castaneda and Omar Rosas

21 Telluric Influence on Pipelines 275
David H. Boteler and Larisa Trichtchenko

22 Mechanical Damage in Pipelines: A Review of the Methods and Improvements in Characterization, Evaluation, and Mitigation 289
Ming Gao and Ravi Krishnamurthy

23 Progression of Pitting Corrosion and Structural Reliability of Welded Steel Pipelines 327
Robert E. Melchers

24 Sulfide Stress Cracking 343
Russell D. Kane

25 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steel Equipment in Ethanol Service 353
Russell D. Kane

26 AC Corrosion 363
Lars Vendelbo Nielsen

27 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 387
Brenda J. Little and Jason S. Lee

28 Erosion–Corrosion in Oil and Gas Pipelines 399
Siamack A. Shirazi, Brenton S. McLaury, John R. Shadley, Kenneth P. Roberts, Edmund F. Rybicki, Hernan E. Rincon, Shokrollah Hassani, Faisal M. Al-Mutahar, and Gusai H. Al-Aithan

29 Black Powder in Gas Transmission Pipelines 423
Abdelmounam M. Sherik

PART IV PROTECTION

30 External Coatings 439
Doug Waslen

31 Thermoplastic Liners for Oilfield Pipelines 447
Jim Mason

32 Cathodic Protection 457
Sarah Leeds and John Leeds

PART V INSPECTION AND MONITORING

33 Direct Assessment 487
John A. Beavers, Lynsay A. Bensman, and Angel R. Kowalski

34 Internal Corrosion Monitoring Using Coupons and ER Probes 495
Daniel E. Powell

35 In-Line Inspection (ILI) ("Intelligent Pigging") 515
Neb I. Uzelac

36 Eddy Current Testing in Pipeline Inspection 537
Konrad Reber

37 Unpiggable Pipelines 545
Tom Steinvoorte

38 In-the-Ditch Pipeline Inspection 557
Greg Zinter

39 Ultrasonic Monitoring of Pipeline Wall Thickness with Autonomous, Wireless Sensor Networks 571
Frederic Cegla and Jon Allin

40 Flaw Assessment 579
Ted L. Anderson

41 Integrity Management of Pipeline Facilities 587
Keith G. Leewis

PART VI MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, REPLACEMENT, AND ABANDONMENT

42 Pipeline Cleaning 601
Randy L. Roberts

43 Managing an Aging Pipeline Infrastructure 609
Brian N. Leis

44 Pipeline Repair Using Full-Encirclement Repair Sleeves 635
William A. Bruce and John Kiefner

45 Pipeline Repair 657
Robert Smyth and Buddy Powers

46 Pipeline Oil Spill Cleanup 665
Merv Fingas

47 Pipeline Abandonment 689
Alan Pentney and Dean Carnes

PART VII RISK MANAGEMENT

48 Risk Management of Pipelines 699
Lynne C. Kaley and Kathleen O. Powers

49 Offshore Pipeline Risk, Corrosion, and Integrity Management 727
Binder Singh and Ben Poblete

PART VIII CASE HISTORIES

50 Buckling of Pipelines under Repair Sleeves: A Case Study—Analysis of the Problem and Cost-Effective Solutions 761
Arnold L. Lewis II

51 In-Line Inspection on an Unprecedented Scale 769
Stephan Brockhaus, Hubert Lindner, Tom Steinvoorte, Holger Hennerkes, and Ljiljana Djapic-Oosterkamp

52 Deepwater, High-Pressure and Multidiameter Pipelines—A Challenging In-Line Inspection Project 777
Hubert Lindner

GLOSSARY

INDEX 793

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