One Thousand Years of Philosophy

Uniquely comparative and sweeping in scope, One Thousand Years of Philosophy covers the history of Western thought alongside the Vedic philosophies of India, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, as well as Islamic and Jewish contributions to philosophy.

Rom Harre became a Fellow of Linacre College, Oxford in 1962. Since 1978 he has held part-time positions at Binghamton, Georgetown and American University specializing in philosophy of science and linguistic aspects of psychology. His publications include The Discursive Mind (with G. Gillette, 1994), Varieties of Realism (with M. Krausz, 1995), and The Singular Self (1998). He holds honorary doctorates from the Universities of Helsinki, Brussels, Aarhus, and Lima.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

xiii

Events Timeline and Historical Chart

xv

What is Philosophy?

1

(28)

The Traditional Disciplines of Philosophy

4

(4)

The Methods of Philosophy

8

(9)

The Products of Philosophy

17

(12)

Part I Philosophy in the East

29

(92)

India: The Traditions

31

(25)

The Scope of Philosophy in India

32

(4)

The Vedic Tradition

36

(7)

The Vedic Philosophies

43

(13)

Indian Philosophy in the Second Millennium

56

(21)

Indian Materialism

58

(1)

The Analysis of Judgments

59

(2)

From Deliverance to Salvation

61

(7)

The Influence of the West

68

(9)

China: Ancient Sources

77

(23)

Confucius and the Confucians

79

(8)

Taoism

87

(6)

The Issue of Immortality

93

(2)

Buddhism: From Mahayana to Zen

95

(5)

Chinese and Japanese Philosophy in the Second Millennium

100

(21)

Neo-Confucianism

102

(9)

Chinese Philosophy Abroad

111

(4)

The Influence of the West

115

(6)

Part II Philosophy in the West: Medieval Philosophy

121

(66)

Islamic Philosophy

123

(38)

Three Sources of Islamic Philosophy

126

(6)

The Problems and their Philosophical Treatment

132

(7)

Traditionalists' Philosophical Attack on Philosophy

139

(5)

The Jewish Contribution to Medieval Philosophy

144

(4)

The Revival of the Aristotelian Influence

148

(3)

The Influence of Islam on the Latin West

151

(2)

The Later History of Islamic Thought

153

(8)

Philosophy in Medieval Europe

161

(26)

The Christian Tradition

162

(4)

Our Knowledge of God, his Nature, and his Existence

166

(6)

Moral Responsibility and God's Omniscience

172

(7)

The Great Divide: The via moderna displaces the via antiqua

179

(8)

Part III Philosophy in the West: Modern Philosophy I: Mind and Cosmos

187

(78)

The World Shapes the Mind: Realism and Positivism

189

(33)

The Foundations of Science

192

(4)

The Rise of Realism

196

(10)

Realism in Retreat

206

(7)

The Rise of Positivism

213

(9)

Mind and Cosmos: Rationalism and Conventionalism

222

(23)

The Rationalist Account of Knowledge

223

(4)

Conventionalism: The Mind Shapes the World

227

(8)

Paradigms and the Sociology of Knowledge

235

(10)

The Unity of Mind and World: Idealism, Phenomenalism, and Phenomenology

245

(20)

The Rise of Idealism

246

(6)

Phenomenalism

252

(3)

Phenomenology

255

(10)

Part IV Philosophy in the West: Modern Philosophy II: Persons and Their Relations

265

(82)

Human Nature

267

(33)

The Nature of a Person

269

(15)

Personal Identity

284

(2)

Knowing People

286

(9)

Dualism and Destiny

295

(5)

Relations among Persons I: Moral Philosophy

300

(29)

Foundations of Morality

302

(3)

The Content of Moral Judgments

305

(7)

Existentialism

312

(4)

Recent Extensions of the Traditional Ethical Topics

316

(3)

Moral Relativism

319

(10)

Relations among Persons II: Political Philosophy

329

(18)

Philosophical Foundations of the State

330

(4)

The Evolution of States

334

(3)

The Historical Conditioning of Social Norms

337

(4)

Philosophical Foundations of Representative Government

341

(6)

Bibliography: References and Further Reading

347

(10)

Index

357

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One Thousand Years of Philosophy

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials