Open Channel Design Fundamentals and Applications

A fundamental knowledge of flow in open channels is essential for the planning and design of systems to manage water resources. Open channel design has applications within many fields, including civil engineering, agriculture, hydrology, geomorphology, sedimentology, environmental fluid and sediment dynamics and river engineering.

Open Channel Design: Fundamentals and Applications covers permissible velocity, tractive force, and regime theory design methodologies and applications. Hydraulic structures for flow control and measurement are covered. Flow profiles and their design implications are covered. Sediment transport mechanics and moveable boundaries in channels are introduced. Finally, a brief treatment of the St. Venant equations and Navier-Stokes equations are introduced as topics to be explored in more advanced courses. The central goal is to prepare students for work in engineering offices where they will be involved with aspects of land development and related consulting work. Students will also be prepared for advanced courses that will involve computational fluid dynamics approaches for solving 2-d and 3-d problems in advanced graduate level courses.

Offering a fresh approach, Open Channel Design: Fundamentals and Applications prepares students for work in engineering offices where they will be involved with aspects of land development and related consulting work. It also introduces the reader to software packages including Mathematica, HecRas and HY8, all widely used in professional settings.

Ernest W. Tollner is a native of Maysville, KY and received his BS and MS degrees in agricultural engineering at the University of Kentucky. He did his doctorate at Auburn. He was elected Fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in 2012 and served on the ASABE Board of Trustees. He was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Marquis in 2018, and won the Georgia Engineering Educator of the Year Award in 2019.

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

About the Companion Website xii

1 Basic Principles and Flow Classifications 1

Fluid Mechanics Foundations 2

Hydrologic Foundations 7

Presentation Organization 8

Problems and Questions 10

References 11

2 Channel Fundamentals 12

Goals 12

Channel Elements and Nomenclature 12

General Flow Relationships 17

Uniform Flow Relationships 17

Theoretical Considerations 23

Natural, Compound, or Sustainable Channels 25

Lined Channels, Optimum Channels, and Velocity Constraints 28

Channel Installation 43

Summary 43

Problems and Questions 47

References 51

3 Vegetated Waterways and Bioswales 53

Goals 53

Background 53

Channel Planning 54

Basic Design Procedures 56

Bioswales 60

Vegetated Filter Strips 62

Temporary Linings 62

Summary 66

Problems and Questions 68

References 69

4 Tractive Force Methods for Earthen Channels 71

Goals 71

Riprap-Lined or Earthen Waterways (Earthen II) 71

Tractive Force for Vegetated Waterways 77

Details and Origins of The Parabolic Cross-section 82

Costing Channel Designs 92

Steady Uniform Flow Conclusion 94

Problems and Questions 95

References 97

5 The Energy Equation and Gradually Varied Flows 98

Goals 98

Energy Preliminaries – Velocity Profiles and Boundary Effects 98

Longer Transitions – Gradually Varied Flow Analyses 115

Conclusions 126

Problems and Questions 126

References 127

6 Momentum Equation for Analyzing Varied Steady Flows and Spatially Varied Increasing Flows 128

Goals 128

Rapidly Varying Steady Flows (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx = 0, dy/dx varies) 128

Spatially Varying Steady Flow (dQ/dt = 0, dQ/dx varies, dy/dx varies) 137

Conclusions 142

Problems and Questions 142

References 143

7 Hydraulics of Water Management Structures 144

Goals 144

Structure Types 145

Hydraulic Concepts 147

Stage–Discharge Relationships of Weir Inlets and Flumes 150

Discharge Relations of Orifices and Sluice Gates Inlet Devices 156

Flow Hydraulics of Closed Conduits 157

Stage–Discharge Curves for Culverts and Spillways 167

Closed Conduit Systems for Urban Stormwater Collection 169

Ecologic Suitability 171

Summary and Conclusions 177

Problems and Questions 179

References 182

8 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow 185

Goals 185

Hydrologic Routing Approaches 187

Kinematic Wave Method 194

Diffusion Wave Method 199

Dynamic Routing 203

Summary and Conclusions 209

Problems and Questions 210

References 211

9 Rapidly Varying Unsteady Flow Applications – Waves 213

Goals 213

Surface Irrigation 213

Sluice Gate and Related Operations 217

The Dam-Break Problem 223

Oscillatory Waves 230

Summary and Conclusions 233

Problems and Questions 234

References 235

10 Channel Design Emphasizing Fine Sediments and Survey of Alluvial Channel Sediment Transport 236

Goals 236

Alluvial Channel vs. Earthen Channel and Other Preliminaries 237

Early Approaches to Sediment Transport 237

Incipient Motion 238

Riprap or Revetment Specification 243

Bedform Descriptions and Analysis 244

Sediment Fall Velocity 245

A Probabilistic Approach to Sediment Transport 249

Einstein (1950)–Laursen (1958)–Graf (1971)

Stage–Discharge and Other Hydraulic Calculations 254

Van Rijn (1984) Stage–Discharge and Total Load 259

Total Load by Regression Approaches 264

Sediment Measurement 268

Sediment Routing Through Detention Ponds and Streams 268

Software Support for Estimating Sediment Transport 270

Implications of Sediment Transport on Infrastructure 271

Empirical Channel Design Approaches Leading to Sustainable Channels 274

Forces Impacting Channel Cross Sections – Stream Restoration 281

Summary and Future Directions 286

Problems and Questions 289

References 290

Appendix A Software and Selected Solutions 294

Appendix B Solution Charts for Vegetated Waterways Using the Permissible Velocity Method 305

Appendix C Selected Cost Data for Channel Excavation and Lining Materials 310

Appendix D Design Strategy Summary for Uniform Flow Channels 315

Index 317

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