Open-Channel Flow

Written in metric units throughout, this excellent learning tool for senior- and graduate-level students in civil and environmental engineering programs is also a useful reference for practicing civil and environmental engineers.

SUBHASH C. JAIN, PhD, is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The University of Iowa in Iowa City.

Preface

xi

Basic Equations

1

(57)

Introduction

1

(1)

Types of Channels

1

(1)

Governing Equations

2

(1)

Basic Hypotheses

3

(2)

Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution

4

(1)

Differential Continuity Equation

5

(4)

Differential Momentum Equation

9

(7)

Differential Mechanical-Energy Equation

16

(4)

Momentum and Energy Coefficients

20

(1)

Governing Equations for Specific Flows

21

(6)

Steady Uniform Flow

21

(2)

Steady Varied Flow

23

(3)

Unsteady Uniform Flow

26

(1)

Unsteady Varied Flow

26

(1)

Algebraic Equations of Motion

27

(6)

Continuity Equation

28

(1)

Momentum Equation

29

(1)

Energy Equation

30

(1)

Application

31

(2)

Pressure Distribution in Curvilinear Flow

33

(3)

A Rigorous Approach

Differential Continuity Equation

36

(6)

Three-Dimensional Equation

36

(1)

One-Dimensional Equation

37

(2)

Kinematic Boundary Condition

39

(3)

Differential Momentum Equations

42

(8)

Three-Dimensional Equations

42

(2)

One-Dimensional Equation

44

(6)

Differential Mechanical-Energy Equation

50

(8)

Three-Dimensional Equation

50

(2)

One-Dimensional Equation

52

(6)

Steady Uniform Flow

58

(17)

Governing Equations

58

(1)

Open-Channel Resistance

58

(6)

Manning Equation

61

(3)

Normal Depth

64

(5)

Compound Channels

66

(3)

Equivalent Roughness

69

(1)

Best Hydraulic Section

70

(2)

Trapezoidal Section

71

(1)

Design of Channels

72

(3)

B Design Charts For Normal Depth

75

(41)

Control Sections

77

(39)

Propagation of Distrubances

77

(11)

Celerity of Small Disturbance

81

(2)

Upstream Propagation of Disturbance

83

(2)

Hydraulic Jump

85

(3)

Channel Transitions

88

(19)

Specific Energy

90

(1)

Critical Depth

91

(4)

Rectangular Channels

95

(1)

Compound Channels

96

(2)

Change in Bottom Elevation

98

(3)

Change in Channel Width

101

(4)

Control Structures

105

(2)

Locations and Types of Control Sections

107

(1)

Flow Profiles without Channel Resistance

108

(8)

C Surge Propagation

116

(2)

D Coordinates of the Dimensionless Specific-Energy Curve

118

(59)

Gradually Varied Flow

120

(38)

Governing Equations

120

(2)

Classification of Flow Profiles

122

(2)

Backwater and Drawdown Curves

123

(1)

Characteristics of Flow Profiles

124

(3)

Water-Surface Slope at Zonal Boundaries

124

(1)

Shapes of Flow Profiles

124

(1)

Mechanism of Specific Energy Gain

125

(2)

Sketching Flow Profiles

127

(16)

Prismatic Channel with Change in Slope and Roughness

128

(5)

Interaction of Controls

133

(4)

Profiles in Channels with Transitions

137

(6)

Nonunique Water-Surface Profiles

143

(5)

Mild Downstream Reach

143

(3)

Steep Downstream Reach

146

(2)

Profile Analysis for Given Total Head

148

(5)

Flow in a Long Channel

148

(2)

Effect of a Downstream Control

150

(3)

Location of Hydraulic Jump

153

(1)

Profiles in Compound Channels

154

(4)

Computation of Gradually Varied Flow

158

(19)

Direct Integration Method

158

(6)

Hydraulic Exponents

161

(3)

Direct Step Method

164

(3)

Standard Step Method

167

(4)

The Ezra Method

171

(3)

Inclusion of Form Losses

174

(2)

Flow in Parallel Channels

176

(1)

E Table of the Varied-Flow Function

177

(50)

Spatially Varied Flow

180

(16)

Lateral Outflow

180

(9)

Governing Equations

180

(1)

Analytical Solutions

181

(6)

Numerical Integration

187

(2)

Lateral Inflow

189

(7)

Governing Equations

189

(1)

Analytical Solution

190

(2)

Numerical Integration

192

(4)

Unsteady Flow I

196

(31)

Governing Equations

197

(1)

Characteristics Equations

197

(3)

Initial and Boundary Conditions

200

(1)

Simple-Wave Problem

201

(11)

Subcritical Flow

202

(8)

Supercritical Flow

210

(2)

Dam-Break Problem

212

(7)

Dry Downtream Channel Bed

212

(4)

Finite Depth in the Downstream Channel

216

(3)

Sluice-Gate Operation

219

(8)

Sudden Complete Opening

219

(1)

Sudden Partial Opening

220

(2)

Sudden Partial Closure

222

(1)

Sudden Complete Closure

223

(4)

F Monoclinal Wave

227

(94)

Unsteady Flow II

229

(33)

Raservior Routing

229

(5)

The Muskingum Method

234

(4)

Determination of K and X

236

(2)

Simplification of the Momentum Equation

238

(2)

Methods of Flood Routing

240

(1)

Kinematic-Wave Method

240

(3)

Diffusion-Wave Method

243

(4)

The Muskingum-Cunge Method

244

(3)

Dynamic-Wave Method

247

(1)

Rating Curves

248

(2)

Overland Flow

250

(12)

Artificial Channel Controls

262

(15)

Weirs, Sills, and Overfalls

262

(10)

Sharp-Crested Weirs

262

(4)

Sills

266

(1)

Broad-Crested Weirs

267

(2)

Overfalls

269

(3)

Ogee-Crest Spillway

272

(1)

Underflow Gates

273

(2)

Venturi Flumes

275

(2)

Special Topics

277

(44)

Contractions and Expansions

277

(18)

Subcritical Flow

277

(2)

Supercritical Flow

279

(16)

Flow in Bends

295

(7)

Subcritical Flow

295

(3)

Supercritical Flow

298

(4)

Hydraulic Jump

302

(7)

Energy Loss in the Jump

302

(1)

Types of Jumps

303

(1)

Length of the Jump

304

(1)

Surface Profile of the Jump

305

(1)

Control of the Jump

306

(1)

Stilling Basins

306

(3)

Flow through Culverts

309

(5)

Discharge Equations

310

(3)

Coefficient of Discharge

313

(1)

Surges in Power Canals

314

(4)

Meeting of Two Surges

314

(2)

Surge Due to Sudden Load Rejection

316

(2)

Roll Waves

318

(3)

References

321

(4)

Index

325

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials