Organic Crop Breeding

, by Lammerts Van Bueren, Edith T.; Myers, James R.

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ISBN: 9780470958582 | 0470958588
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/28/2012

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Organic Crop Breeding will provide readers with a thorough review of the latest efforts by crop breeders and geneticists to develop improved varieties for organic production. The book opens with chapters looking at breeding efforts that focus on specific valuable traits such as quality, pest and disease resistance as well as the impacts improved breeding efforts can have on organic production. The second part of the book is a series of crop specific case studies that look at breeding efforts currently underway from around the world in crops ranging from carrots to corn. Organic Crop Breeding includes chapters from leading researchers in the field and is edited by two pioneers in the field. Organic Crop Breeding will provide valuable insight for crop breeders, geneticist, crop science professionals, researchers, and advanced students in this quickly emerging field.

Contributors	p. xiii
Foreword	p. xix
Preface	p. xxi
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
General Topics Related to Organic Plant Breeding	p. 1
Organic Crop Breeding: Integrating Organic Agricultural Approaches and Traditional and Modern Plant Breeding Methods	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
How Different Are Organic Fanning Systems?	p. 4
Consequences for Cultivar Requirements	p. 5
From Cultivar Evaluation to Organic Seed Production and Plant Breeding Programs	p. 6
The History of Organic Crop Breeding in Europe and the United States	p. 8
Perspectives and Challenges for Breeding for Organic Agriculture	p. 11
Conclusion	p. 12
References	p. 12
Nutrient Management in Organic Farming and Consequences for Direct and Indirect Selection Strategies	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Availability of Nutrients in Organic Farming	p. 16
Roots: The Hidden Potential	p. 17
Even Greater Complexity: Plant-Microbe-Soil Interactions	p. 21
Importance of Selection Environments	p. 27
Breeding Strategies	p. 30
References	p. 32
Pest and Disease Management in Organic Farming: Implications and Inspirations for Plant Breeding	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Plant Protection in Organic Farming	p. 42
Key Target Areas of Plant Breeding for Organic Plant Protection	p. 46
Breeding Goals for Ecological Plant Protection	p. 49
Plant Breeding Approaches Directly Targeting Pests or Diseases	p. 50
Plant Breeding Approaches with Indirect Effects on Plant Health	p. 53
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 54
References	p. 55
Approaches to Breed for Improved Weed Suppression in Organically Grown Cereals	p. 61
Background	p. 61
Crop Competitiveness Against Weeds	p. 62
Crop Traits Involved in Weed Suppression	p. 63
Selection of Traits and Their Evaluation in Plant Breeding Programs	p. 64
Selection Strategies	p. 68
Understanding Crop-Weed Interactions to Assist Plant Breeding	p. 70
Concluding Remarks and Wider Perspectives	p. 71
References	p. 72
Breeding for Genetically Diverse Populations: Variety Mixtures and Evolutionary Populations	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Benefits of Genetic Diversity for Organic Agriculture	p. 79
On-Farm Conservation of Useful Genetic Diversity	p. 80
Breeding Strategies	p. 81
Conclusion	p. 94
References	p. 94
Centralized or Decentralized Breeding: The Potentials of Participatory Approaches for Low-Input and Organic Agriculture	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Centralized and Decentralized Breeding: Definitions	p. 100
What Can Be Decentralized in Breeding and Why?	p. 100
Participatory Approaches	p. 102
PPB: A Single Term Yielding Different Approaches	p. 102
Some Examples of PPB for Organic and Low Input Agriculture in Southern Countries	p. 106
Some Examples of PPB for Organic and Low Input Agriculture in Northern Countries	p. 113
General Conclusions and Limits of PPB Approaches in Organic Fanning	p. 119
References	p. 120
Values and Principles in Organic Farming and Consequences for Breeding Approaches and Techniques	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Arguments Against Genetic Engineering	p. 126
Organic Basic Principles	p. 127
Toward Organic Breeding	p. 130
From Values to Criteria: Evaluation of Breeding Techniques	p. 131
How to Deal with Varieties Bred with Non-compliant Techniques?	p. 132
Toward Appropriate Standards to Promote Organic Plant Breeding	p. 135
Discussion and Challenges for Organic Plant Breeding	p. 136
References	p. 136
Plant Breeding, Variety Release, and Seed Commercialization: Laws and Policies Applied to the Organic Sector	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
The Developments of Plant Breeding and the Emergence of Seed Laws	p. 139
Variety Registration	p. 142
Seed Quality Control and Certification	p. 144
Special Needs for Organic Agriculture	p. 146
A Recent Development in Europe: Conservation Varieties	p. 148
Intellectual Property Rights and Plant Breeding	p. 151
Discussion	p. 154
Conclusions	p. 156
Notes	p. 156
References	p. 157
Organic Plant Breeding in Specific Crops	p. 161
Wheat: Breeding for Organic Farming Systems	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Methods	p. 163
Traits for Selection in Organic Breeding Programs	p. 168
A Case Study for EPB: Lexi's Project	p. 170
A Case Study for Breeding within a Supply Chain Approach: Peter Kunz and Sativa	p. 171
Conclusion	p. 171
References	p. 172
Maize: Breeding and Field Testing for Organic Farmers	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
What Kind of Maize do Organic Farmers Want?	p. 175
Are There Viable Alternatives to Single Cross Hybrids?	p. 176
Testing and Using Alternative Hybrids	p. 178
Are There Benefits for Breeding under Organic Conditions?	p. 178
For Which Traits Is It Necessary to Test under Organic Conditions?	p. 179
Choice of Parents for Breeding Programs	p. 181
Breeding Programs	p. 182
Future Directions	p. 186
Notes	p. 186
References	p. 188
Rice: Crop Breeding Using Farmer-Led Participatory Plant Breeding	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
MASIPAG and Participatory Rice Breeding	p. 192
Beyond PPB: Farmer-Led Rice Breeding	p. 193
The Breeding Process	p. 194
Outcomes of the MASIPAG Program	p. 198
Outlook	p. 200
References	p. 201
Soybean: Breeding for Organic Farming Systems	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Agronomic Characters	p. 204
Seed Quality Features	p. 208
Considerations on Breeding Methods	p. 211
References	p. 212
Faba Bean: Breeding for Organic Farming Systems	p. 215
Purposes of Breeding and Growing Faba Bean	p. 215
Genetic and Botanical Basics of Breeding Faba Bean	p. 216
Methodological Considerations	p. 218
Traits To Be Improved in Faba Bean Breeding	p. 221
Open Questions, Need for Action	p. 223
References	p. 224
Potato: Perspectives to Breed for an Organic Crop Ideotype	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Required Cultivar Characteristics	p. 228
Introgression Breeding and Applied Techniques	p. 232
Participatory Approach: An Example from the Netherlands	p. 233
Outlook	p. 234
References	p. 234
Tomato: Breeding for Improved Disease Resistance in Fresh Market and Home Garden Varieties	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
Botanical and Genetic Characteristics of Tomato	p. 240
Rationale for Breeding Tomatoes within Organic Systems	p. 240
Breeding Needs with Focus on Organic Production	p. 243
Case Studies: Breeding for Late Blight Resistance in Europe and North America	p. 245
Outlook	p. 247
References	p. 248
Brassicas: Breeding Cole Crops for Organic Agriculture	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Rationale for Breeding within Organic Systems	p. 251
Plant Biology	p. 252
Traits Needed for Adaptation to Organic Production	p. 253
Consideration of Breeding Methods	p. 257
A Farmer Participatory Broccoli Breeding Program	p. 258
Outlook	p. 260
References	p. 261
Onions: Breeding Onions for Low-Input and Organic Agriculture	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Robust Onion Cultivars	p. 264
Breeding for Improved Nutrient Acquisition	p. 265
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Product Quality	p. 269
Conclusion	p. 270
References	p. 271
Index	p. 273
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Organic Crop Breeding

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