Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9781420062588 | 1420062581
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/18/2008

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Difficult to measure accurately and deal with effectively, organic pollutants continue to be a major hazard in the environment. Significantly expanded, the second edition of Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective describes the mechanistic basis of ecotoxicology, using major groups of pollutants as illustrative examples. It also explores the problem of complex mixtures of chemicals.

Preface to First Edition	p. xiii
Preface to Second Edition	p. xv
Acknowledgments in First Edition	p. xvii
Basic Principles
Chemical Warfare	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Plant-Animal Warfare	p. 4
Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants	p. 4
Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins Produced by Plants	p. 8
Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms	p. 10
Toxins Produced by Animals	p. 10
Microbial Toxins	p. 11
Human-Made Chemical Weapons	p. 13
Summary	p. 15
Further Reading	p. 15
Factors Determining the Toxicity of Organic Pollutants to Animals and Plants	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Factors That Determine Toxicity and Persistence	p. 19
Toxicokinetics	p. 21
Uptake and Distribution	p. 21
Metabolism	p. 24
General Considerations	p. 24
Monooxygenases	p. 26
Esterases and Other Hydrolases	p. 36
Epoxide Hydrolase (EC 4.2.1.63)	p. 40
Reductases	p. 41
Conjugases	p. 42
Enzyme Induction	p. 48
Storage	p. 50
Excretion	p. 51
Excretion by Aquatic Animals	p. 52
Excretion by Terrestrial Animals	p. 52
Toxicodynamics	p. 54
Selective Toxicity	p. 60
Potentiation and Synergism	p. 62
Summary	p. 64
Further Reading	p. 65
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Environmental Fate	p. 67
Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the Gross Environment	p. 68
Models of Environmental Fate	p. 70
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Metabolism and Disposition	p. 71
Summary	p. 72
Further Reading	p. 73
Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and Ecosystems	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains	p. 75
Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments	p. 81
Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals-the Biomarker Approach	p. 84
Biomarkers in a Wider Ecological Context	p. 89
Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level	p. 90
Population Dynamics	p. 90
Population Genetics	p. 93
Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and Ecosystems-the Natural World and Model Systems	p. 96
New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks Presented by Chemicals	p. 97
Summary	p. 98
Further Reading	p. 98
Major Organic Pollutants
The Organochlorine Insecticides	p. 101
Background	p. 101
DDT [1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane]	p. 102
Chemical Properties	p. 102
Metabolism of DDT	p. 104
Environmental Fate of DDT	p. 105
Toxicity of DDT	p. 109
Ecological Effects of DDT	p. 112
Effects on Population Numbers	p. 112
Effects on Population Genetics (Gene Frequencies)	p. 115
The Cyclodiene Insecticides	p. 116
Chemical Properties	p. 116
The Metabolism of Cyclodienes	p. 117
Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes	p. 119
Toxicity of Cyclodienes	p. 122
Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes	p. 124
Effects of Population Numbers	p. 124
Development of Resistance to Cyclodienes	p. 130
Hexachlorocyclohexanes	p. 131
Summary	p. 132
Further Reading	p. 132
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls	p. 133
Background	p. 133
Polychlorinated Biphenyls	p. 134
Chemical Properties	p. 134
Metabolism of PCBs	p. 136
Environmental Fate of PCBs	p. 140
The Toxicity of PCBs	p. 143
Ecological Effects of PCBs	p. 146
Physiological and Biochemical Effects in the Field	p. 146
Population Effects	p. 146
Population Genetics	p. 149
Polybrominated Biphenyls	p. 149
Summary	p. 150
Further Reading	p. 150
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans	p. 151
Background	p. 151
Origins and Chemical Properties	p. 151
Metabolism	p. 153
Environmental Fate	p. 153
Toxicity	p. 154
Ecological Effects Related to TEQs for 2,3,7,8-TCDD	p. 158
Summary	p. 160
Further Reading	p. 161
Organometallic Compounds	p. 163
Background	p. 163
Organomercury Compounds	p. 163
Origins and Chemical Properties	p. 163
Metabolism of Organomercury Compounds	p. 165
Environmental Fate of Organomercury	p. 166
Toxicity of Organomercury Compounds	p. 168
Ecological Effects of Organomercury Compounds	p. 170
Organotin Compounds	p. 172
Chemical Properties	p. 172
Metabolism of Tributyltin	p. 173
Environmental Fate of Tributyltin	p. 173
Toxicity of Tributyltin	p. 174
Ecological Effects of TBT	p. 176
Organolead Compounds	p. 177
Organoarsenic Compounds	p. 178
Summary	p. 179
Further Reading	p. 180
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	p. 181
Background	p. 181
Origins and Chemical Properties	p. 182
Metabolism	p. 183
Environmental Fate	p. 185
Toxicity	p. 187
Ecological Effects	p. 189
Summary	p. 191
Further Reading	p. 191
Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides	p. 193
Background	p. 193
Organophosphorus Insecticides	p. 194
Chemical Properties	p. 194
Metabolism	p. 197
Environmental Fate	p. 200
Toxicity	p. 202
Ecological Effects	p. 208
Toxic Effects in the Field	p. 208
Population Dynamics	p. 209
Population Genetics	p. 211
Carbamate Insecticides	p. 212
Chemical Properties	p. 212
Metabolism	p. 213
Environmental Fate	p. 213
Toxicity	p. 215
Ecological Effects	p. 217
Summary	p. 218
Further Reading	p. 218
Anticoagulant Rodenticides	p. 219
Background	p. 219
Chemical Properties	p. 219
Metabolism of Anticoagulant Rodenticides	p. 221
Environmental Fate	p. 222
Toxicity	p. 224
Ecological Effects	p. 226
Poisoning Incidents in the Field	p. 226
Population Genetics	p. 228
Summary	p. 228
Further Reading	p. 229
Pyrethroid Insecticides	p. 231
Background	p. 231
Chemical Properties	p. 231
Metabolism of Pyrethroids	p. 232
Environmental Fate of Pyrethroids	p. 234
Toxicity of Pyrethroids	p. 236
Ecological Effects of Pyrethroids	p. 237
Population Dynamics	p. 237
Population Genetics	p. 238
Summary	p. 238
Further Reading	p. 239
Further Issues and Future Prospects
Dealing with Complex Pollution Problems	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures	p. 244
Shared Mechanism of Action-an Integrated Biomarker Approach to Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures	p. 245
Toxic Responses That Share Common Pathways of Expression	p. 250
Bioassays for Toxicity of Mixtures	p. 251
Potentiation of Toxicity in Mixtures	p. 253
Summary	p. 254
Further Reading	p. 254
The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
Some Major Groups of Herbicides and Their Properties	p. 258
Impact of Herbicides on Agricultural Ecosystems	p. 258
Movement of Herbicides into Surface Waters and Drinking Water	p. 261
Summary	p. 263
Further Reading	p. 264
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Environmental Impacts	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
The Emergence of Endocrine Disruption as a Research Theme	p. 266
Modes of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals	p. 266
Case Studies of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife	p. 270
DDT (and Its Metabolites) and Developmental Abnormalities in Birds and Alligators	p. 270
TBT and Imposex in Mollusks	p. 272
Estrogens and Feminization of Fish	p. 273
Atrazine and Abnormalities in Frogs	p. 275
EDCs and Health Effects in Humans	p. 276
Screening and Testing for EDCs	p. 276
A Lengthening List of EDCs	p. 278
Natural and Pharmaceutical Estrogens	p. 279
Pesticides	p. 279
PCBs	p. 279
Dioxins	p. 280
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers	p. 280
Bisphenols	p. 281
Alkylphenols	p. 281
Phthalates	p. 282
Natural EDCs	p. 283
Effects of Mixtures	p. 283
Windows of Life with Enhanced Sensitivity	p. 284
Species Susceptibility	p. 286
Effects of EDCs on Behavior	p. 288
Lessons Learned from Endocrine Disruption and Their Wider Significance in Ecotoxicology	p. 290
Summary	p. 292
Further Reading	p. 292
Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects of Environmental Chemicals	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects	p. 295
The Mechanisms of Action of Neurotoxic Compounds	p. 296
Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System	p. 302
Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System	p. 302
Effects on the Central Nervous System	p. 305
Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism	p. 306
The Causal Chain: Relating Neurotoxic Effects at Different Organizational Levels	p. 308
Chemicals Sharing the Same Principal Mode of Action	p. 308
Effects of Combinations of Chemicals with Differing Modes of Action	p. 310
Relating Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects to Adverse Effects upon Populations	p. 311
Concluding Remarks	p. 313
Summary	p. 316
Further Reading	p. 317
Organic Pollutants: Future Prospects	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
The Adoption of More Ecologically Relevant Practices in Ecotoxicity Testing	p. 321
The Development of More Sophisticated Methods of Toxicity Testing: Mechanistic Biomarkers	p. 323
The Design of New Pesticides	p. 324
Field Studies	p. 326
Ethical Questions	p. 328
Summary	p. 328
Further Reading	p. 329
Glossary	p. 331
References	p. 337
Index	p. 377
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Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, Second Edition

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