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- ISBN: 9781420062588 | 1420062581
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 11/18/2008
Difficult to measure accurately and deal with effectively, organic pollutants continue to be a major hazard in the environment. Significantly expanded, the second edition of Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective describes the mechanistic basis of ecotoxicology, using major groups of pollutants as illustrative examples. It also explores the problem of complex mixtures of chemicals.
Preface to First Edition | p. xiii |
Preface to Second Edition | p. xv |
Acknowledgments in First Edition | p. xvii |
Basic Principles | |
Chemical Warfare | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Plant-Animal Warfare | p. 4 |
Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants | p. 4 |
Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins Produced by Plants | p. 8 |
Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms | p. 10 |
Toxins Produced by Animals | p. 10 |
Microbial Toxins | p. 11 |
Human-Made Chemical Weapons | p. 13 |
Summary | p. 15 |
Further Reading | p. 15 |
Factors Determining the Toxicity of Organic Pollutants to Animals and Plants | p. 17 |
Introduction | p. 17 |
Factors That Determine Toxicity and Persistence | p. 19 |
Toxicokinetics | p. 21 |
Uptake and Distribution | p. 21 |
Metabolism | p. 24 |
General Considerations | p. 24 |
Monooxygenases | p. 26 |
Esterases and Other Hydrolases | p. 36 |
Epoxide Hydrolase (EC 4.2.1.63) | p. 40 |
Reductases | p. 41 |
Conjugases | p. 42 |
Enzyme Induction | p. 48 |
Storage | p. 50 |
Excretion | p. 51 |
Excretion by Aquatic Animals | p. 52 |
Excretion by Terrestrial Animals | p. 52 |
Toxicodynamics | p. 54 |
Selective Toxicity | p. 60 |
Potentiation and Synergism | p. 62 |
Summary | p. 64 |
Further Reading | p. 65 |
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Environmental Fate | p. 67 |
Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the Gross Environment | p. 68 |
Models of Environmental Fate | p. 70 |
Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Metabolism and Disposition | p. 71 |
Summary | p. 72 |
Further Reading | p. 73 |
Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and Ecosystems | p. 75 |
Introduction | p. 75 |
Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains | p. 75 |
Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments | p. 81 |
Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals-the Biomarker Approach | p. 84 |
Biomarkers in a Wider Ecological Context | p. 89 |
Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level | p. 90 |
Population Dynamics | p. 90 |
Population Genetics | p. 93 |
Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and Ecosystems-the Natural World and Model Systems | p. 96 |
New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks Presented by Chemicals | p. 97 |
Summary | p. 98 |
Further Reading | p. 98 |
Major Organic Pollutants | |
The Organochlorine Insecticides | p. 101 |
Background | p. 101 |
DDT [1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane] | p. 102 |
Chemical Properties | p. 102 |
Metabolism of DDT | p. 104 |
Environmental Fate of DDT | p. 105 |
Toxicity of DDT | p. 109 |
Ecological Effects of DDT | p. 112 |
Effects on Population Numbers | p. 112 |
Effects on Population Genetics (Gene Frequencies) | p. 115 |
The Cyclodiene Insecticides | p. 116 |
Chemical Properties | p. 116 |
The Metabolism of Cyclodienes | p. 117 |
Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes | p. 119 |
Toxicity of Cyclodienes | p. 122 |
Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes | p. 124 |
Effects of Population Numbers | p. 124 |
Development of Resistance to Cyclodienes | p. 130 |
Hexachlorocyclohexanes | p. 131 |
Summary | p. 132 |
Further Reading | p. 132 |
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls | p. 133 |
Background | p. 133 |
Polychlorinated Biphenyls | p. 134 |
Chemical Properties | p. 134 |
Metabolism of PCBs | p. 136 |
Environmental Fate of PCBs | p. 140 |
The Toxicity of PCBs | p. 143 |
Ecological Effects of PCBs | p. 146 |
Physiological and Biochemical Effects in the Field | p. 146 |
Population Effects | p. 146 |
Population Genetics | p. 149 |
Polybrominated Biphenyls | p. 149 |
Summary | p. 150 |
Further Reading | p. 150 |
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans | p. 151 |
Background | p. 151 |
Origins and Chemical Properties | p. 151 |
Metabolism | p. 153 |
Environmental Fate | p. 153 |
Toxicity | p. 154 |
Ecological Effects Related to TEQs for 2,3,7,8-TCDD | p. 158 |
Summary | p. 160 |
Further Reading | p. 161 |
Organometallic Compounds | p. 163 |
Background | p. 163 |
Organomercury Compounds | p. 163 |
Origins and Chemical Properties | p. 163 |
Metabolism of Organomercury Compounds | p. 165 |
Environmental Fate of Organomercury | p. 166 |
Toxicity of Organomercury Compounds | p. 168 |
Ecological Effects of Organomercury Compounds | p. 170 |
Organotin Compounds | p. 172 |
Chemical Properties | p. 172 |
Metabolism of Tributyltin | p. 173 |
Environmental Fate of Tributyltin | p. 173 |
Toxicity of Tributyltin | p. 174 |
Ecological Effects of TBT | p. 176 |
Organolead Compounds | p. 177 |
Organoarsenic Compounds | p. 178 |
Summary | p. 179 |
Further Reading | p. 180 |
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | p. 181 |
Background | p. 181 |
Origins and Chemical Properties | p. 182 |
Metabolism | p. 183 |
Environmental Fate | p. 185 |
Toxicity | p. 187 |
Ecological Effects | p. 189 |
Summary | p. 191 |
Further Reading | p. 191 |
Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides | p. 193 |
Background | p. 193 |
Organophosphorus Insecticides | p. 194 |
Chemical Properties | p. 194 |
Metabolism | p. 197 |
Environmental Fate | p. 200 |
Toxicity | p. 202 |
Ecological Effects | p. 208 |
Toxic Effects in the Field | p. 208 |
Population Dynamics | p. 209 |
Population Genetics | p. 211 |
Carbamate Insecticides | p. 212 |
Chemical Properties | p. 212 |
Metabolism | p. 213 |
Environmental Fate | p. 213 |
Toxicity | p. 215 |
Ecological Effects | p. 217 |
Summary | p. 218 |
Further Reading | p. 218 |
Anticoagulant Rodenticides | p. 219 |
Background | p. 219 |
Chemical Properties | p. 219 |
Metabolism of Anticoagulant Rodenticides | p. 221 |
Environmental Fate | p. 222 |
Toxicity | p. 224 |
Ecological Effects | p. 226 |
Poisoning Incidents in the Field | p. 226 |
Population Genetics | p. 228 |
Summary | p. 228 |
Further Reading | p. 229 |
Pyrethroid Insecticides | p. 231 |
Background | p. 231 |
Chemical Properties | p. 231 |
Metabolism of Pyrethroids | p. 232 |
Environmental Fate of Pyrethroids | p. 234 |
Toxicity of Pyrethroids | p. 236 |
Ecological Effects of Pyrethroids | p. 237 |
Population Dynamics | p. 237 |
Population Genetics | p. 238 |
Summary | p. 238 |
Further Reading | p. 239 |
Further Issues and Future Prospects | |
Dealing with Complex Pollution Problems | p. 243 |
Introduction | p. 243 |
Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures | p. 244 |
Shared Mechanism of Action-an Integrated Biomarker Approach to Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures | p. 245 |
Toxic Responses That Share Common Pathways of Expression | p. 250 |
Bioassays for Toxicity of Mixtures | p. 251 |
Potentiation of Toxicity in Mixtures | p. 253 |
Summary | p. 254 |
Further Reading | p. 254 |
The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides | p. 257 |
Introduction | p. 257 |
Some Major Groups of Herbicides and Their Properties | p. 258 |
Impact of Herbicides on Agricultural Ecosystems | p. 258 |
Movement of Herbicides into Surface Waters and Drinking Water | p. 261 |
Summary | p. 263 |
Further Reading | p. 264 |
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Environmental Impacts | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
The Emergence of Endocrine Disruption as a Research Theme | p. 266 |
Modes of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals | p. 266 |
Case Studies of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife | p. 270 |
DDT (and Its Metabolites) and Developmental Abnormalities in Birds and Alligators | p. 270 |
TBT and Imposex in Mollusks | p. 272 |
Estrogens and Feminization of Fish | p. 273 |
Atrazine and Abnormalities in Frogs | p. 275 |
EDCs and Health Effects in Humans | p. 276 |
Screening and Testing for EDCs | p. 276 |
A Lengthening List of EDCs | p. 278 |
Natural and Pharmaceutical Estrogens | p. 279 |
Pesticides | p. 279 |
PCBs | p. 279 |
Dioxins | p. 280 |
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers | p. 280 |
Bisphenols | p. 281 |
Alkylphenols | p. 281 |
Phthalates | p. 282 |
Natural EDCs | p. 283 |
Effects of Mixtures | p. 283 |
Windows of Life with Enhanced Sensitivity | p. 284 |
Species Susceptibility | p. 286 |
Effects of EDCs on Behavior | p. 288 |
Lessons Learned from Endocrine Disruption and Their Wider Significance in Ecotoxicology | p. 290 |
Summary | p. 292 |
Further Reading | p. 292 |
Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects of Environmental Chemicals | p. 293 |
Introduction | p. 293 |
Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects | p. 295 |
The Mechanisms of Action of Neurotoxic Compounds | p. 296 |
Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System | p. 302 |
Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System | p. 302 |
Effects on the Central Nervous System | p. 305 |
Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism | p. 306 |
The Causal Chain: Relating Neurotoxic Effects at Different Organizational Levels | p. 308 |
Chemicals Sharing the Same Principal Mode of Action | p. 308 |
Effects of Combinations of Chemicals with Differing Modes of Action | p. 310 |
Relating Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects to Adverse Effects upon Populations | p. 311 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 313 |
Summary | p. 316 |
Further Reading | p. 317 |
Organic Pollutants: Future Prospects | p. 319 |
Introduction | p. 319 |
The Adoption of More Ecologically Relevant Practices in Ecotoxicity Testing | p. 321 |
The Development of More Sophisticated Methods of Toxicity Testing: Mechanistic Biomarkers | p. 323 |
The Design of New Pesticides | p. 324 |
Field Studies | p. 326 |
Ethical Questions | p. 328 |
Summary | p. 328 |
Further Reading | p. 329 |
Glossary | p. 331 |
References | p. 337 |
Index | p. 377 |
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