Organization Theory A Public and Nonprofit Perspective

, by Gortner, Harold F.; Nichols, Kenneth L.; Ball, Carolyn

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ISBN: 9780495006800 | 0495006807
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/2/2006

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Preface. 1. Organization Research and Theory. 2. Blurring Sectors. 3. Pivotal Controversies. 4. Structure. 5. Communication. 6. Accountability and Transparency. 7. Decision Making. 8. Motivation and Culture. 9. Leadership. 10. Change and Stability. Glossary. Index.

Preface

iii

Varieties of Organization Research and Theory

(18)

Introduction

(1)

What Is an Organization?

(5)

Public Organizations

(1)

Bureaucracy

(1)

What Is Organization Theory?

(3)

Varieties of Organization Theory

(5)

Differences in Subject

(1)

Differences in Type

(2)

Differences in Purpose

(2)

Our Theoretical Perspective

(1)

Chapter Topics for This Text

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

References

(2)

Blurring Sectors: Public and Private

(36)

Generic Theory and Public Organizations

(4)

Organization Theory in a Blurred Environment

(1)

The Public--Private Continuum

(2)

Public Organizations: How Are They Different? How Aren't They?

(20)

Legal Differences: The Constitution, the Law, and Public Management

(7)

Economic Differences: Nature of the Public Organization's Role and the Market

(7)

Political Differences: Internal and Environmental Politics of Public Organizations

(6)

How Are Organizations Along the Public--Private Continuum the Same?

(6)

Scale

(1)

Shared Public Environment

(2)

Ethics

(1)

Postmodernism

(2)

The Organizational Jumble

(1)

Conclusion: Public and Private Organizations Look Similar but Differ Fundamentally

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

References

(3)

The Pivotal Controversies

(50)

Models of Organization

(5)

The Controversy Around the Four Perspectives

(17)

Law and Legal Authority

(4)

Efficiency and Rationality

(6)

Psychology and Social Relations

(5)

Politics and Power

(2)

Reading 3--1 On the Primary Role and Essential Importance of Associations in America

(1)

Reading 3--2 Government: A Necessary Evil

(11)

Public Organization Theory Today

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

References

(2)

Reading 3--3 Organization Theory and Political Theory

(8)

Structure

105

(49)

The Value of Models

106

(2)

Reading 4--1 Merger/Reorganization in County Government

108

(2)

Reading 4--2 The Creation of the Department of Homeland Security

110

(1)

Structure as a Theoretical Construct

111

(2)

Theories of Organizational Structure

113

(4)

Specialization

114

(1)

Integration and Span of Control

115

(1)

Centralization

116

(1)

Reading 4--3 Centralization or Decentralization: What Is Right?

117

(6)

Departmentalization

120

(3)

Reading 4--4 No Switch in Bills for Some Communities

123

(3)

Line and Staff

124

(1)

Formalization

124

(2)

Alternative Structures

126

(7)

Project Management and Matrix Organizations

126

(3)

Ad Hoc Structures

129

(1)

Participative Organizations

129

(1)

Virtual Organizations

130

(3)

Organizations as Adaptive Open Systems

133

(2)

Reading 4--5 Normal Accidents: A Day in the Life

135

(5)

Inputs from the Environment

138

(1)

The Throughput: The Role of Technology

139

(1)

Responses to Environmental Change

140

(7)

Partnerships and Collaboration

140

(1)

Boundary-Spanning Units

141

(2)

Learning Organizations

143

(3)

Complexity in Open Systems

146

(1)

Alternative Paradigms?

147

(1)

Conclusion

148

(1)

For Further Reading

148

(1)

References

149

(5)

Communication

154

(40)

Reading 5--1 Ride a Pale Horse

157

(1)

Interpersonal Communication: An Interactive Model

158

(2)

Communication in Organizations

160

(5)

Formal and Informal Networks

161

(4)

Directions of Organization Communication

165

(9)

Downward Communication

166

(2)

Upward Communication

168

(1)

Horizontal Communication

169

(2)

Communication with the Rest of the World

171

(3)

Individuals in the Communication Process

174

(4)

Distortion and Interference in Bureau Communication

178

(8)

Systemic Problems

180

(1)

Sender/Receiver Problems

181

(2)

Interpersonal Problems

183

(3)

Reading 5--2 Inflated Style, Euphemism, and Evasion: A Special Use of Jargon

186

(1)

Coping with Distortion

187

(2)

Conclusion

189

(1)

For Further Reading

190

(1)

Review Questions

190

(1)

References

191

(3)

Accountability to Transparency

194

(48)

Accountability

198

(3)

Types of Accountability

200

(1)

External Accountability

201

(3)

Political Accountability and Board Accountability

201

(3)

Accrediting and Contractual Requirements

204

(1)

Internal Accountability

204

(16)

Performance Measurement

204

(13)

Employee Involvement in Accountability Systems

217

(2)

Employee Supervision and Monitoring

219

(1)

Reading 6--1 Punching Around-the-Clock Time Clocks

220

(6)

Organizational Commitment and Socialization

224

(2)

Responsiveness

226

(2)

Responsibility

228

(5)

Individual Responsibility

228

(2)

Professional Responsibility

230

(3)

Self-Regulating Organizations

233

(1)

Conclusion: Toward Transparency

234

(1)

Reading 6--2 Homeland Secrecy

234

(2)

Mechanisms Fostering Transparency

235

(1)

Accountability, Transparency, and Control

236

(1)

For Further Reading

236

(1)

References

237

(5)

Decision Making

242

(44)

The Decision-Making Process: Search, Analysis, and Choice

244

(2)

The Setting of Decision Making in Public Organizations

246

(2)

The Rational--Policy analysis method

248

(4)

Criticisms of the Rational--Policy Analysis Method

249

(3)

The Incremental Model and Related Methods

252

(6)

Innovation and Incrementalism

255

(1)

Satisficing

256

(1)

Mixed Scanning

257

(1)

Criticisms

257

(1)

Participative Methods of Decision Making

258

(10)

Strategic Planning

260

(6)

Alternative Scenarios

266

(1)

Questions and Criticisms

267

(1)

Other Decision Models and Tools

268

(5)

The Garbage Can and the ``Nondecision'' Models

268

(2)

Ethical Decision Making

270

(2)

Decision Support Techniques and Tools

272

(1)

Summary and Contrast of the Methods

273

(6)

Culture

273

(1)

274

(1)

Analysis

275

(1)

Choice

276

(3)

Action

279

(1)

The Possibility of a Contingency Theory

279

(2)

Conclusion: Good Decision Making Emerges from Prepared Administrators

281

(1)

For Further Reading

282

(1)

Review Questions

283

(1)

References

283

(3)

Motivation and Organizational Culture

286

(47)

Organization Types and Cultures

288

(2)

Content Theories

290

(11)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

290

(2)

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

292

(1)

Alderfer's ERG Theory

293

(1)

McClelland's Social Motives

294

(3)

Katz and Kahn's Motivational Patterns

297

(2)

Content Theories Summarized

299

(2)

Cognitive Process Theories of Work Motivation

301

(7)

Expectancy Models

301

(6)

Summary of Cognitive Process Theories

307

(1)

Behaviorist Theory and Work Motivation

308

(2)

Summary of Behaviorist Motivation Theory

310

(1)

Reading 8--1 Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes

310

(1)

Motivation as Explanation and Tool in Public Sector Organizations

311

(9)

The Decision to Join and Participate

311

(6)

Motivation and Organizational Commitment

317

(3)

Reading 8--2 Some Things Never Change!

320

(3)

Reading 8--3 Motivating Public Workers: Lessons from Nonprofit Management

323

(4)

Motivation and Leadership

326

(1)

Conclusion

327

(2)

For Further Reading

329

(1)

Review Questions

329

(1)

References

330

(3)

Leadership

333

(41)

Definitions: The Nature of Leadership

334

(5)

Defining Leadership

334

(4)

Four Levels of Leadership

338

(1)

Setting the Goals: Executive Leadership

339

(3)

Decision Making

340

(2)

Reading 9--1 Managing in the Public Sector

342

(5)

Leadership Style

345

(1)

Transactional versus Transformational Leadership

345

(2)

Executive Morality and Responsibility

347

(1)

Reading 9--2 Executive Responsibility

347

(3)

Leadership in the Middle: the Managers

350

(6)

Manager Effectiveness

352

(3)

Managerial Tasks and the Fulfillment of Multiple Roles

355

(1)

Group Leadership: Supervisors and Team Leaders

356

(8)

Supervisor/Team Leader Effectiveness

357

(2)

Situational Theories of Group Leadership

359

(5)

Reading 9--3 Catastrophes and Leadership

364

(2)

Informal and Self-Leadership

366

(1)

Women and Leadership

367

(1)

Conclusion

368

(1)

For further reading

369

(1)

Review questions

370

(1)

References

370

(4)

Change and Stability

374

(48)

Yin and Yang: Stability and Change

375

(10)

Turbulence in an Organization's Environment

375

(1)

Levels of Society

376

(1)

Change as a Vector

377

(3)

Drivers of Change

380

(5)

Planned and Unplanned Change

385

(2)

Theories about Change

386

(1)

Planned Change

387

(22)

Planned Change in Behavior and Values

387

(3)

Planned Change in Structure

390

(6)

Planned Change in Process and Technology

396

(7)

The Folly of ``Mono-Change''

403

(1)

Change and Conflict

404

(2)

The Continuing Debate over Planned Organizational Change

406

(3)

Unplanned change

409

(4)

Change in the Political System: The Focus for Public Organizations

410

(3)

Conclusion: We Have the Responsibility and Ability to Shape Public Organizations Thoughtfully

413

(1)

For Further Reading

414

(2)

Review questions

416

(1)

References

417

(5)

Name Index

422

(6)

Subject Index

428

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