Organizations: Structures, Processes and Outcomes

, by Tolbert, Pamela S.; Hall, Richard H.

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ISBN: 9780132448406 | 0132448408
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/28/2008

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Based upon classical and contemporary theory and empirical research, this text forms a sociological analysis of organizations, focusing on the impacts that organizations have upon individuals and society.

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction
Thinking About Organizations	p. 1
Overview	p. 1
Why Study Organizations?	p. 1
Organizational Impacts	p. 3
The Nature of Organizations	p. 14
The Plan of the Book	p. 17
Summary and Conclusions	p. 18
Exercises	p. 18
Organizational Structure
Organizational Structure: Key Dimensions	p. 19
Overview	p. 19
Defining Organizational Structure	p. 20
Studying Organizational Structure: Early Research on the Bureaucratic Form	p. 21
Sociological Studies of Formal Structure in Organizations	p. 25
Dimensions of Formal Structure	p. 27
Relations Between Complexity, Formalization, and Centralization	p. 41
Summary and Conclusions	p. 43
Exercises	p. 43
Organizational Structure: Explanations	p. 44
Overview	p. 44
Effects of Size	p. 46
Effects of Technology	p. 50
Combined Effects of Size and Technology	p. 53
In Practice: Functional, Product, and Matrix Forms of Organization	p. 54
Effects of Internal Culture	p. 57
Environmental Effects on Structure: External Culture	p. 58
Creating Formal Structure: Debates over Process	p. 64
Summary and Conclusions	p. 66
Exercises	p. 67
Organizational Processes
Power and Power Outcomes	p. 68
Overview	p. 68
The Nature of Power in Organizations	p. 69
Authority and Power	p. 69
Other Types of Power	p. 71
Shifts in Power	p. 77
Power Outcomes: Compliance and Involvement	p. 78
Power Outcomes: Conflict	p. 79
The Components of Conflict Situations	p. 83
The Outcomes of Conflict	p. 85
Summary and Conclusions	p. 86
Exercises	p. 88
Leadership	p. 89
Overview	p. 89
What Is Leadership?	p. 90
The Outcomes of Leadership for Organizations	p. 98
Leadership in the Voluntary Organization	p. 107
Summary and Conclusions	p. 108
Exercises	p. 109
Decision-Making	p. 110
Overview	p. 110
Organizations as Systems of Decisions	p. 111
Strategic Decision-Making	p. 115
Strategies of Power and Decision-Making	p. 118
Summary and Conclusions	p. 120
Exercises	p. 120
Communication	p. 121
Overview	p. 121
The Importance of Communication	p. 122
Individual Factors	p. 124
Organizational Factors	p. 126
Vertical Communication	p. 126
Horizontal Communication	p. 130
Communication Problems	p. 133
Communication to and from Outside the Organization	p. 135
Possible Solutions	p. 136
Summary and Conclusions	p. 137
Exercises	p. 138
Managing Organizational Environments: Conceptions of the Environment	p. 139
Overview	p. 139
"Discovering" Organizational Environments	p. 140
Defining the Environment	p. 142
Perceiving the Environment	p. 159
Summary and Conclusions	p. 160
Exercises	p. 160
Managing Organizational Environments: General Paradigms	p. 161
Overview	p. 161
The Contingency Paradigm	p. 162
The Resource Dependence Paradigm	p. 163
The Transaction Cost Paradigm	p. 171
The Institutional Paradigm	p. 176
The Population Ecology Paradigm	p. 177
Combining Paradigms	p. 183
Summary and Conclusions	p. 184
Exercises	p. 185
Outcomes
Organizational Performance and Change	p. 186
Overview	p. 186
Problems of Defining Organizational Goals	p. 187
Approaches to Organizational Effectiveness	p. 190
Evaluating Organizational Performance: Key Issues	p. 196
Organizational Change and Transformation	p. 198
Organizational Change: Learning and Transformation	p. 198
Transformational Change	p. 204
Summary and Conclusions	p. 208
Exercises	p. 209
References	p. 211
Name Index	p. 249
Subject Index	p. 261
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