Our Hearts Fell to the Ground Plains Indian

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Colin G. Calloway is professor of history and Native American studies at Dartmouth College. Formerly he taught at the University of Wyoming and served as assistant director of the D'Arcy McNickle Center for the History of the American Indian at the Newberry Library in Chicago. He is author of The American Revolution in Indian Country (1995), The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800 (1990), and Crown and Calumet: British-Indian Relations, 1783-1815 (1987). Calloway has also written articles on the Plains Indian history and edited several collections of documents, including The World Turned Upside Down: Indian Voices from Early America (Bedford, 1994).

Foreword

iii

Preface

v

List of Illustrations

xiii

Introduction: How the West Was Lost

1

(1)

The Indian Peoples of the Plains

2

(6)

The Conquest of the Plains

8

(6)

The Reservations and the Era of Forced Acculturation

14

(5)

Native Responses and the Search for Hope

19

(2)

Voices and Visions

21

(10)

Lone Dog's Winter Count

31

(6)

Horses, Guns, and Smallpox

37

(19)

How the Blackfeet Got Horses, Guns, and Smallpox

41

(6)

Saukamappee, Memories of War and Smallpox, 1787--1788

43

(4)

Howling Wolf: Trading Guns for Horses

47

(3)

``I Bring Death'': The Kiowas Meet Smallpox

50

(6)

Kiowa Legend

51

(5)

A Pawnee Vision of the Future

56

(5)

Sharitarish, ``We Are Not Starving Yet,'' 1822

57

(4)

The Life and Death of Four Bears

61

(10)

Four Bears's Buffalo Robe

64

(2)

Four Bears Kills a Cheyenne Chief

66

(1)

The Death Speech of Four Bears

66

(5)

Four Bears, Speech to the Arikaras and Mandans, July 30, 1837

68

(3)

Counting Coups and Fighting for Survival

71

(18)

Account of Three Coyotes's Expedition

72

(4)

Four Dancers, Three Coyotes Leads a Skirmish

73

(3)

Fighting for Crow Country

76

(2)

Arapooish, Speech on Crow Country

77

(1)

Two Leggings's Quest for Power

78

(6)

Two Leggings, The Dream and Reality of a Raid

79

(5)

A Woman's View of War

84

(1)

Pretty Shield, ``Like Talking to Winter-Winds''

85

(1)

``The Only Way Open to Us''

85

(4)

Plenty Coups, On Alliance with the United States

86

(3)

The Agony and Anger of the Eastern Sioux

89

(13)

Big Eagle's Account of the Great Sioux Uprising

90

(6)

Jerome Big Eagle, A Sioux Story of the War, ca. 1894

91

(5)

The Complaints of Strike the Ree, Medicine Cow, and Passing Hail

96

(6)

Strike the Ree, Medicine Cow, and Passing Hail, Speeches to the Special Joint Committee on the Condition of the Indian Tribes, 1865

97

(5)

Massacres North and South

102

(9)

Account of Sand Creek

102

(3)

Little Bear, The Sand Creek Massacre, 1864

104

(1)

The Massacre on the Marias (1870)

105

(6)

Bear Head, Account of the Massacre on the Marias

108

(3)

Talking to the Peace Commissioners: The Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 1867

111

(10)

``When We Settle Down We Grow Pale and Die.''

113

(2)

Satanta, Speech at the Treaty of Medicine Lodge

114

(1)

``I Want to Live and Die as I Was Brought Up.''

115

(1)

Ten Bears, Speech at the Treaty of Medicine Lodge

116

(1)

``Teach Us the Road to Travel.''

116

(5)

Satank, Speech at the Treaty of Medicine Lodge

117

(4)

The Slaughter of the Buffalo

121

(12)

First Hide Hunters

125

(1)

Luther Standing Bear, ``The Plains Were Covered with Dead Bison.''

125

(1)

The End of the Buffalo Road

126

(2)

Carl Sweezy, On Taking ``the New Road''

127

(1)

``War Between the Buffalo and the White Men''

128

(2)

Old Lady Horse, The Last Buffalo Herd

129

(1)

``They Stared at the Plains, as though Dreaming.''

130

(3)

Pretty Shield, When the Buffalo Went Away

130

(3)

The Battle on the Greasy Grass, 1876

133

(17)

Sioux Signs and Arikara Premonitions

135

(2)

Red Star, Reading the Sioux Signs

136

(1)

Repelling Reno

137

(3)

Wooden Leg, A Cheyenne Account of the Battle

137

(3)

Red Horse: Pictorial Record of the Battle

140

(4)

``The Soldiers Were All Rubbed Out.''

144

(2)

Iron Hawk, Killing Custer's Men

144

(2)

``The Women and Children Cried.''

146

(4)

Mrs. Spotted Horn Bull, A View from the Village

146

(4)

The End of Freedom

150

(18)

``We Are Melting Like Snow on the Hillside.''

153

(2)

Red Cloud, Speech to the Secretary of the Interior, 1870

154

(1)

An Old Woman's Dream

155

(1)

Buffalo Bird Woman, Recalling the Old Days

156

(1)

``I Just Listened, Said Nothing, and Did Nothing.''

156

(3)

Wooden Leg, Serving as Judge

157

(2)

Learning to Like Wohaw

159

(9)

Carl Sweezy, Learning the White Man's Ways

160

(8)

Attending the White Man's Schools

168

(14)

Early Days at Carlisle

171

(7)

Luther Standing Bear, Life at Boarding School, 1879

172

(6)

Wohaw in Two Worlds

178

(4)

The Life and Death of Sitting Bull

182

(14)

Scenes from a Warrior's Life

183

(4)

Sitting Bull's Surrender Song

187

(1)

``It Is Your Own Doing That I Am Here.''

187

(4)

Sitting Bull, Report to the Senate Committee, 1883

189

(2)

``Lieut. Bullhead Fired into Sitting Bull.''

191

(5)

Lone Man, The Death of Sitting Bull, 1890

191

(5)

Killing the Dream

196

(22)

The Messiah's Letter

197

(2)

Wovoka, Message to the Cheyennes and the Arapahos, ca. 1890

198

(1)

``Something Terrible Happened.''

199

(6)

Black Elk, Massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890

200

(5)

Epilogue

205

(4)

APPENDICES

Chronology of How the West Was Lost

209

(2)

Question for Consideration

211

(2)

Selected Bibliography

213

(5)

Index

218

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Our Hearts Fell to the Ground Plains Indian Views of How the West Was Lost

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Our Hearts Fell to the Ground Plains Indian Views of How the West Was Lost

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License