Paper Bullets Airdropped Propaganda of the Second World War

On the first night of World War II, the Royal Air Force flew a mission to drop more than five million leaflets over the industrial heartland of Germany. The leaflets called upon the German people to throw out the Nazis and make peace. This was the beginning of what aircrew would know as "Nickel" operations, the dropping of propaganda leaflets across Germany and Occupied Europe. These early leaflets were crude in design and naive in content but as the war progressed they developed into a sophisticated psychological warfare campaign. Germans were shown the futility of their war; they could never overwhelm the combined might of the Allies. Enemy soldiers were persuaded to surrender or desert, and the people of occupied countries were given messages of hope and a spirit of resistance was instilled. Over time the quality of the leaflets improved. They were printed in full color and richly illustrated with photographs, maps, diagrams, and cartoons. The leaflets were supplemented with miniature newspapers, pamphlets, and sheets of stickers. The occupied countries also received air-dropped gifts of teabags, packs of cigarettes, and sweets. Even German civilians received presents of forged ration coupons courtesy of the Royal Air Force. While the Allied air forces attacked from above with "paper bullets," resistance fighters covertly distributed propaganda on ground attempting to subvert occupying German troops.

Lee Richards has been researching and writing about the history of propaganda and psychological warfare for 30years. He has published articles on this subject in professional journals related to military and intelligence history, authored two previous books on clandestine propaganda, supplied research to the international media, and has been interviewed by several broadcasters, including the BBC and History Channel.