Particle Physics and Cosmology: the Fabric of Spacetime

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ISBN: 9780444530073 | 044453007X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/12/2007

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This book is a collection of lectures given in August 2006 at the Les Houches Summer School on Particle Physics and Cosmology: the Fabric of Spacetime. It provides a pedagogical introduction to the various aspects of both particle physics beyond the Standard Model and Cosmology of the Early Universe, covering each topic from the basics to the most recent developments. · Provides a pedagogical introduction to topics at the interface of particle physics and cosmology · Addresses each topic from the basis to the most recent developments · Provides necessary tools to build new theoretical models addressing various issues both in cosmology and particle physics · Covers the lectures by internationally-renowned and leading experts · Faces the predictions of theoretical models against collider experimental data as well as from cosmological observations

Organizers	p. ix
Lecturers	p. xi
Participants	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
Long Lectures	p. 1
Gravitational waves	p. 3
Introduction	p. 7
Linearization of Einstein equations	p. 8
Einstein equations and gauge symmetry	p. 9
Wave equation	p. 11
Transverse-traceless gauge	p. 12
Interaction of gravitational waves with point particles	p. 13
Newtonian and relativistic description of tidal gravity	p. 13
Description in the transverse-traceless gauge	p. 14
Description in the free-falling frame	p. 15
Key ideas underlying gravitational-wave detectors	p. 16
Effective stress-energy tensor of gravitational waves	p. 18
Generation of gravitational waves	p. 21
Sources in slow motion, weak-field and negligible self-gravity	p. 21
Sources in slow motion and weak-field, but non-negligible self-gravity	p. 23
Radiated energy, angular momentum and linear momentum	p. 24
Application to binary systems	p. 25
Inspiral waveforms at leading Newtonian order	p. 25
Inspiral waveform including post-Newtonian corrections	p. 28
Merger and ring-down waveforms	p. 30
Templates for data analysis	p. 32
Other astrophysical sources	p. 36
Pulsars	p. 36
Supernovae	p. 39
Cosmological sources	p. 39
Phenomenological bounds	p. 40
Gravitational waves produced by causal mechanisms	p. 41
Gravitational waves produced by cosmic and fundamental strings	p. 44
Gravitational waves produced during inflation	p. 45
References	p. 48
Baryogenesis	p. 53
Observational evidence for the BAU	p. 57
Sakharov's conditions for baryogenesis	p. 60
B violation	p. 61
Loss of thermal equilibrium	p. 62
C, CP violation	p. 63
Examples of CP violation	p. 65
More history	p. 68
Example: GUT baryogenesis	p. 69
Washout processes	p. 73
B and CP violation in the standard model	p. 76
CP violation in the SM	p. 80
Electroweak phase transition and electroweak baryogenesis	p. 82
Strength of the phase transition	p. 85
EWPT in the MSSM	p. 91
A model of electroweak baryogenesis: 2HDM	p. 95
EDM constraints	p. 103
EWBG in the MSSM	p. 104
Other mechanisms; Leptogenesis	p. 108
References	p. 112
String cosmology	p. 117
Dark energy	p. 121
The problem of scales	p. 121
The string theory landscape	p. 121
The Bousso-Polchinski (Brown-Teitelboim) mechanism	p. 124
Caveats to the landscape approach	p. 130
Inflation	p. 130
Brane-antibrane inflation	p. 131
Warped compactification	p. 136
Warped brane-antibrane inflation	p. 140
The [eta] problem	p. 141
Solutions (?) to the [eta] problem	p. 146
Confrontation with experiment	p. 153
References	p. 159
Physics of the early universe and inflation	p. 165
Preamble	p. 169
Concise history of the early universe	p. 169
Big Bang: answered questions	p. 169
Big Bang: unanswered questions	p. 175
Inflation	p. 181
Inflation: answered questions	p. 181
Models of inflation	p. 185
Inflaton family portrait	p. 189
Global geometry	p. 194
Generalities	p. 195
De Sitter and FRW geometries	p. 196
FRW geometry	p. 198
Single FRW domain from inflation	p. 199
Scalar field fluctuations in de Sitter geometry	p. 202
Multiple FRW domains from inflation and fractal geometry in the future	p. 207
Generation of fluctuations from inflation	p. 211
Cosmic piano	p. 211
Generation of the scalar metrics fluctuations	p. 213
Generation of the tensor metrics fluctuations	p. 214
Probing models with fluctuations	p. 215
Preheating after inflation	p. 219
Heating the universe after inflation	p. 219
Pair creation by an electric field	p. 221
Linear resonant preheating	p. 222
Non-linear dynamics of resonant preheating	p. 223
Inflaton fragmentation	p. 226
Tachyonic preheating	p. 228
Gravitational waves from preheating	p. 228
References	p. 230
Cosmic microwave background anisotropies up to second order	p. 233
Preamble	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Perturbing gravity	p. 240
The collisionless Boltzmann equation for photons	p. 242
Collision term	p. 246
The collision integral	p. 246
Computation of different contributions to the collision term	p. 250
Final expression for the collision term	p. 255
The Brightness equation	p. 256
First order	p. 256
Second order	p. 257
Hierarchy equations for multipole moments	p. 260
Integral solution of the second-order Boltzmann equation	p. 263
The Boltzmann equation for baryons and cold dark matter	p. 265
Energy continuity equations	p. 267
Momentum continuity equations	p. 269
Linear solution of the Boltzmann equations	p. 274
Linear solutions in the limit of tight coupling	p. 275
Perturbation modes with k [double less-than sign] k[subscript eq]	p. 277
Perturbation modes with k [double greater-than sign] k[subscript eq]	p. 278
Conclusions	p. 278
Einstein's equations	p. 279
The metric tensor	p. 280
The connection coefficients	p. 280
Einstein tensor	p. 280
Energy-momentum tensor	p. 281
First-order solutions of Einstein's equations in various eras	p. 283
Matter-dominated era	p. 283
Radiation-dominated era	p. 283
References	p. 284
Physics beyond the standard model and dark matter	p. 287
Introduction	p. 291
Particle physics and cosmology	p. 291
Next threshold	p. 293
Why beyond the standard model	p. 295
Empirical reasons	p. 295
Philosophical and aesthetic reasons	p. 296
Positron analogue	p. 299
Hierarchy problem	p. 302
Examples of physics beyond the standard model	p. 302
Supersymmetry	p. 303
Composite Higgs	p. 305
Extra dimensions	p. 306
Evidence for dark matter	p. 310
What dark matter is not	p. 312
MACHOs	p. 313
Neutrinos	p. 314
CHAMPs and SIMPs	p. 316
WIMP dark matter	p. 316
WIMP	p. 316
Boltzmann equation	p. 318
Analytic approximation	p. 320
Numerical integration	p. 321
The new minimal standard model	p. 322
Direct detection experiments	p. 324
Popular WIMPs	p. 326
Indirect detection experiments	p. 328
Dark horse candidates	p. 328
Gravitino	p. 328
Axion	p. 330
Other candidates	p. 332
Cosmic coincidence	p. 332
Conclusions	p. 334
Gravitational lensing	p. 334
Deflection angle	p. 334
Amplification in microlensing	p. 338
MACHO search	p. 340
Strong lensing	p. 342
References	p. 343
Short Topical Lectures	p. 349
Effective field theories and gravitational radiation	p. 351
Lecture I	p. 355
Introduction and motivation	p. 355
Effective field theories: a review	p. 358
Lecture II	p. 370
The binary inspiral as an EFT calculation	p. 370
The EFT for isolated compact objects	p. 371
Calculating observables	p. 374
Integrating out the orbital scale	p. 381
Radiation	p. 386
Finite size effects	p. 390
Conclusions	p. 392
Redundant operators	p. 393
References	p. 395
Holographic cosmology	p. 397
Introduction	p. 401
Framework	p. 401
Anti-de Sitter cosmologies	p. 403
Dual field theory evolution	p. 405
Discussion	p. 409
References	p. 410
Neutrino physics and cosmology	p. 411
Introduction	p. 415
The cosmic neutrino background	p. 415
Relic neutrino production and decoupling	p. 415
Background evolution	p. 418
Neutrinos and Primordial Nucleosynthesis	p. 419
Extra radiation and the effective number of neutrinos	p. 420
Massive neutrinos	p. 421
Flavour oscillations and neutrino masses	p. 421
Neutrinos as dark matter	p. 423
Effects of neutrino masses on cosmology	p. 424
Brief description of cosmological observables	p. 425
Neutrino free-streaming	p. 425
Impact of massive neutrinos on the matter power spectrum	p. 427
Impact of massive neutrinos on the CMB anisotropy spectrum	p. 429
Current bounds on neutrino masses	p. 430
CMB anisotropies	p. 430
Galaxy redshift surveys	p. 431
Lyman-[alpha] forest	p. 432
Summary and discussion of current bounds	p. 432
Future sensitivities on neutrino masses from cosmology	p. 434
Conclusions	p. 435
References	p. 436
Cosmic microwave background: observational status	p. 437
Introduction	p. 441
CMB temperature anisotropies: the "early" days	p. 442
WMAP first release	p. 443
Polarization of the CMB - discovery and first measurements	p. 445
WMAP three year release	p. 447
Conclusion	p. 450
References	p. 450
Structure formation with numerical simulations	p. 453
Introduction	p. 457
The hierarchical scenario	p. 457
Computational cosmology	p. 458
Internal structure of dark matter haloes	p. 460
The halo model	p. 463
Galaxy formation physics	p. 464
The Mare Nostrum simulation	p. 466
Conclusion	p. 469
References	p. 469
Giving mass to the graviton	p. 471
Introduction	p. 475
Theoretical obstructions to massive gravity	p. 477
Constructing the massive gravity models	p. 482
Linear perturbations	p. 486
Some phenomenological implications	p. 489
Newton's potential	p. 489
Cosmological evolution	p. 493
Experimental signatures	p. 494
Summary and outlook	p. 496
References	p. 498
Working Group Reports	p. 501
Dark matter on the smallest scales	p. 503
Introduction	p. 503
The dark matter problem	p. 504
Dark matter candidates	p. 505
Small scale structure	p. 506
Detectability and future work	p. 507
References	p. 509
Scalar gravity: post-Newtonian corrections via an effective field theory approach	p. 511
Introduction	p. 511
Scalar gravity	p. 511
NRGR	p. 512
Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann	p. 513
Discussion - Conclusions	p. 515
Dark Matter in minimal trinification	p. 517
Introduction	p. 517
Trinification in a nutshell	p. 518
A simple case	p. 519
Light and darkness of trinification	p. 520
A Dark Matter candidate	p. 521
Relative abundance	p. 521
Decay time	p. 522
Conclusion and discussion	p. 523
References	p. 524
Trans-Planckian physics from cosmology	p. 525
Introduction	p. 525
Standard approach	p. 526
Trans-Planckian behavior: non-linear dispersion relation	p. 527
References	p. 529
A pedagogical primer on preheating	p. 531
Introduction	p. 531
Inflation and its end	p. 532
A simple model of preheating	p. 532
Gravitational fluctuations	p. 534
References	p. 535
Braneworld graviton interactions in early universe phase transitions	p. 537
Braneworld cosmology	p. 537
Brane inflation and the Electroweak phase transition	p. 538
Gravitons	p. 539
References	p. 541
Individual Seminars	p. 543
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