Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in

One of the principal challenges in structural engineering concerns the development of innovative design concepts to better protect structures, together with their occupants and contents, from the damaging effects of destructive environmental forces including those due to winds, waves and earthquakes. Passive energy dissipation devices, when incorporated into a structure, absorb or consume a portion of the input energy,thereby reducing energy dissipation demand on primary structural members and minimizing possible structural damage. This book is a unified treatment of passive energy dissipation systems. Basic principles, mathematical modeling, practical considerations, implementation issues and structural applications are discussed for each major device type. Numerous examples and case studies are included.

T. T. Soong is the author of Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Structural Engineering, published by Wiley.

G. F. Dargush is the author of Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Structural Engineering, published by Wiley.

PREFACE

IX

(2)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1

(4)

References

4

(1)

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS

5

(30)

2.1 Introduction

5

(1)

2.2 Dynamic Response of Simple Structural Models

6

(12)

2.2.1 General Formulations

6

(1)

2.2.2 Free Vibration

7

(1)

2.2.3 Forced Vibration

8

(3)

2.2.4 Transient Response

11

(3)

2.2.5 Response with Passive Damper

14

(4)

2.3 Dynamic Analysis of Structural Systems

18

(7)

2.3.1 General Formulation

18

(2)

2.3.2 Modal Superposition Method

20

(3)

2.3.3 Damping in Traditional and Passively Damped Structures

23

(1)

2.3.4 Direct Time Domain Analysis

24

(1)

2.4 Energy Formulations

25

(7)

2.4.1 SDOF Structures

26

(4)

2.4.2 Energy-based Design

30

(1)

2.4.3 MDOF Structures

31

(1)

2.5 Concluding Remarks

32

(1)

References

33

(2)

CHAPTER 3 METALLIC DAMPERS

35

(48)

3.1 Introduction

35

(2)

3.2 Basic Principles

37

(13)

3.2.1 Plasticity

37

(7)

3.2.2 Viscoplasticity

44

(4)

3.2.3 Thermal Effects

48

(1)

3.2.4 Failure Theories

48

(2)

3.3 Macroscopic Modeling

50

(7)

3.3.1 Experiment-based Modeling

50

(1)

3.3.2 Mechanics-based Modeling

51

(6)

3.4 Structural Analysis

57

(2)

3.5 Experimental Studies

59

(10)

3.6 Design Considerations

69

(2)

3.7 Structural Implementations

71

(8)

References

79

(4)

CHAPTER 4 FRICTION DAMPERS

83

(44)

4.1 Introduction

83

(3)

4.2 Basic Principles

86

(4)

4.2.1 Solid Friction

86

(3)

4.2.2 Environmental Effects

89

(1)

4.3 Damper Behavior and Macroscopic Modeling

90

(14)

4.4 Structural Analysis

104

(6)

4.5 Experimental Studies

110

(6)

4.6 Design Considerations

116

(3)

4.7 Structural Implementations

119

(4)

References

123

(4)

CHAPTER 5 VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS

127

(44)

5.1 Introduction

127

(1)

5.2 Basic Principles

127

(4)

5.3 Shear Storage and Shear Loss Moduli

131

(10)

5.3.1 Dependence on Excitation Frequency

134

(4)

5.3.2 Dependence on Ambient Temperature

138

(3)

5.3.3 Dependence on Internal Temperature

141

(1)

5.4 Analysis of Structures with Added VE Dampers

141

(3)

5.5 Experimental Studies

144

(12)

5.5.1 2/5-Scale Five-story Steel Frame

144

(8)

5.5.2 1/3-Scale Three-story Concrete Frame

152

(4)

5.6 Design Considerations and Implementational Issues

156

(5)

5.6.1 Placement Strategies for VE Dampers

159

(1)

5.6.2 Architectural Considerations

159

(2)

5.7 Structural Implementation

161

(7)

References

168

(3)

CHAPTER 6 VISCOUS FLUID DAMPERS

171

(56)

6.1 Introduction

171

(3)

6.2 Basic Principles of Fluid Dynamics

174

(7)

6.2.1 Balance Laws

175

(1)

6.2.2 Inviscid Fluids

175

(1)

6.2.3 Newtonian Fluids

176

(1)

6.2.4 Temperature-dependent New-Newtonian Fluids

177

(4)

6.3 Damper Behavior and Macroscopic Modeling

181

(18)

6.3.1 Cylindrical Pot Fluid Dampers

181

(5)

6.3.2 Viscous Damping Walls

186

(4)

6.3.3 Orificed Fluid Dampers

190

(9)

6.4 Structural Analysis

199

(3)

6.5 Experimental Studies

202

(16)

6.6 Design Considerations

218

(1)

6.7 Structural Implementations

219

(6)

References

225

(2)

CHAPTER 7 TUNED MASS DAMPERS

227

(54)

7.1 Introduction

227

(2)

7.1.1 Tuned Mass Dampers

229

(1)

7.2 Basic Principles

229

(16)

7.2.1 Den Hartog's Solution

231

(2)

7.2.2 The Case of Damped Structures

233

(4)

7.2.3 Other Optimization Criteria

237

(4)

7.2.4 Wind vs. Earthquake Loads

241

(4)

7.3 Structural Analysis

245

(4)

7.3.1 Elastic Structures

247

(2)

7.3.2 Inelastic Structures

249

(1)

7.4 Experimental Studies

249

(7)

7.4.1 Small-scale Tests

249

(6)

7.4.2 Full-scale Test

255

(1)

7.5 Design Considerations and Implementational Issues

256

(1)

7.6 Structural Implementations

257

(11)

7.6.1 Centerpoint Tower, Sydney, Australia

259

(1)

7.6.2 Citicorp Center, New York and John Hancock Tower, Boston

260

(3)

7.6.3 Chiba Port Tower, Tokyo Bay, Japan

263

(1)

7.6.4 Funade Bridge Tower, Osaka, Japan

264

(1)

7.6.5 Steel Stacks, Kimitsu City, Japan

265

(3)

7.7 Related Development and Concluding Remarks

268

(8)

7.7.1 Nonlinear TMD and Impact Vibration Absorbers

269

(1)

7.7.2 Semi-Active TMD and Hybrid Mass Damper

270

(6)

References

276

(5)

CHAPTER 8 TUNED LIQUID DAMPERS

281

(38)

8.1 Introduction

281

(4)

8.2 Basic Principles of Operation

285

(7)

8.3 Damper Behavior and Macroscopic Modeling

292

(7)

8.4 Structural Analysis and Design

299

(4)

8.5 Experimental Studies

303

(2)

8.6 Implementational Issues

305

(1)

8.7 Structural Implementations

306

(9)

References

315

(4)

CHAPTER 9 SMART MATERIALS

319

(26)

9.1 Introduction

319

(1)

9.2 Shape Memory Alloys

319

(8)

9.2.1 Basic Principles

321

(1)

9.2.2 Structural Applications

322

(5)

9.3 Piezoelectric Materials

327

(5)

9.3.1 Basic Principles

327

(1)

9.3.2 Structural Applications

328

(4)

9.4 Electrorheological Fluids

332

(6)

9.4.1 Basic Principles

332

(4)

9.4.2 Structural Applications

336

(2)

9.5 Magnetorheological Fluids

338

(3)

References

341

(4)

APPENDIX CONVERSION TABLE

345

(2)

AUTHOR INDEX

347

(6)

SUBJECT INDEX

353

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Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Structural Engineering

Summary

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