Patent Laws for Scientists and Engineers

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ISBN: 9780824723835 | 082472383X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/21/2005

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Offering expert guidance on the myriad issues surrounding intellectual property, Patent Law for Scientists and Engineers provides researchers and students with an understanding of the aspects of patent law necessary to work with patent professionals and enhance patent coverage. The editor has structured the text so it can be easily integrated into a reader's research routine. Each chapter supports the issues discussed with fact patterns that emphasize the steps necessary to protect patent rights. The book describes actual scenarios encountered by scientists and engineers, highlighting the protection of latent patent rights that may exist within an invention or technical solution.

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1 Anatomy of a patent

(28)

Roberta J. Morris

1.1 Introduction

(12)

1.1.1 What patents are, and are not

(1)

1.1.1.1 The right to exclude, not to do

(1)

1.1.1.2 Patents have nationality

(1)

1.1.1.3 Patents v. copyrights, patents v. trademarks

(1)

1.1.1.4 Patenting v. trade secrets

(3)

1.2 Parts of a patent, and how to read one

(3)

1.2.1 Specification, figures, and claims

(1)

1.2.2 Patent as instrument of legal rights v. patent as "prior art"

(1)

1.2.2.1 "Read on"

(1)

1.2.2.2 Claim charts

(1)

1.2.2.3 A useful table about specification and claims

(1)

1.3 The application for a patent: what kind of patent? What kind of application?

(2)

1.3.1 Kinds of patents

(1)

1.3.2 Kinds of applications, and a non-application

(1)

1.3.2.1 Provisional

(1)

1.3.2.2 Regular application

(1)

1.3.2.3 Statutory invention registration

(1)

1.4 Requirements of a utility patent

(4)

1.4.1 The invention - especially as claimed

(1)

1.4.1.1 Utility

(1)

1.4.1.2 Novelty

(1)

1.4.1.3 Nonobviousness

(1)

1.4.2 The invention, especially what is in the specification

(1)

1.4.2.1 Written description

(1)

1.4.2.2 Enablement

(1)

1.4.2.3 Best mode

(1)

1.5 Case studies

(1)

1.5.1 A sample patent: 6,055,695, Lint Roller Assembly (Figure 1, pages 6 through 11)

(1)

1.5.2 Should I patent my invention or hold it as a trade secret?

(1)

Appendix

(5)

Part II: Inventive activities

Chapter 2 Research records in the patent process

(18)

Avery N. Goldstein

2.1 Introduction

(3)

2.2 Legal situations where laboratory records are reviewed

(1)

2.2.1 Predating prior art

(1)

2.2.2 Interference

(1)

2.2.3 Defense to a charge of patent infringement

(1)

2.2.4 Determination of inventorship

(1)

2.2.5 Nondisclosure agreement prior knowledge

(1)

2.2.6 Trade secret issues

(1)

2.3 Types of research records and their usage

(6)

2.3.1 Primary notebook usage

(1)

2.3.1.1 Notebook assignment

(1)

2.3.1.2 Entry mechanics

(1)

2.3.1.3 Alterations

(1)

2.3.1.4 Chronology

(1)

2.3.1.5 Page completion

(1)

2.3.1.6 Attestation

(1)

2.3.1.7 Guest entries

(1)

2.3.2 Supplemental records

(1)

2.3.3 Alternate media references

(1)

2.3.4 Electronic record-keeping variations

(1)

2.4 Record archiving

(3)

2.4.1 Technologist-custodian interface

(1)

2.4.2 Audit committee

(1)

2.4.3 Storage and security

(1)

2.4.4 Accessing stored information

(1)

2.4.4.1 Evidentiary inquiry

(1)

2.4.4.2 Technical inquiry

(1)

2.5 Trade secret maintenance

(2)

2.5.1 Compartmentalized information

(1)

2.5.2 Daily handling

(1)

2.6 Concluding remarks

(1)

Additional Reading

(2)

Chapter 3 Inventor actions that can jeopardize patent rights

(12)

Roberta J. Morris

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 The concept of the "critical date"

(2)

3.3 The "invention" in 102(b)

(1)

3.4 Sales and offers for sale

(1)

3.5 Sales: the special case of method patents

(1)

3.6 Licensing the patent or the invention

(1)

3.7 Public use

(1)

3.8 Negating public use: experimental use

(1)

3.9 Publications

(1)

3.10 Reminder: other countries' patent laws are different

(1)

3.10.1 Strategies for selling and using before applying for a patent

(1)

3.10.1.1 Watching the clock

(1)

3.10.1.2 The provisional application

(1)

3.10.1.3 Confidentiality agreements

(1)

3.11 Case studies

(1)

3.11.1 The "on sale" bar and co-inventors

(1)

3.11.2 "Public use"

(1)

Appendix

(3)

Chapter 4 The invention disclosure document: recording the essential facts of your invention

(22)

Judith M. Riley

4.1 Introduction - the necessity for complete and accurate information

(1)

4.2 What an invention disclosure document is...and is not

(3)

4.3 Preparing an invention disclosure document

(8)

4.3.1 Preparing a standard form

(1)

4.3.2 Background of the invention

(1)

4.3.2.1 What is the problem?

(1)

4.3.2.2 How have others solved it in the past?

(1)

4.3.3 Description of the invention

(1)

4.3.3.1 Why is your invention a better solution?

(1)

4.3.3.2 How is the invention made?

(1)

4.3.3.3 How does the invention work?

(1)

4.3.3.4 What is the kernel of the invention?

(2)

4.4 Who is likely to use the invention?

(1)

4.5 Publications, sales, offers to sell, and other public disclosures

(2)

4.6 A few examples

(1)

Appendix. Exemplary invention disclosure document forms

(7)

Example 1

(1)

Example 2

(1)

Example 3

(4)

Part III: Relationships

Chapter 5 Ownership of intellectual property: employer rights to intellectual property

(16)

Ernest I. Gifford and Avery N. Goldstein

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Employment agreements

(3)

5.2.1 Basic employment agreement elements relating to intellectual property

(1)

5.2.2 Common employment agreement issues

(1)

5.2.2.1 Employment agreement breach

(1)

5.2.2.2 Posthiring obligation to assign intellectual property

(1)

5.3 Ownership of intellectual property

(7)

5.3.1 Patents

(1)

5.3.1.1 Employment agreement scope

(1)

5.3.1.2 Obligation to assign absent an agreement

(4)

5.3.2 Trade secrets

(1)

5.3.3 Copyrights

(1)

5.3.4 Trademarks

(1)

5.4 Shop rights and assignments

(1)

5.4.1 Employer time and facilities

(1)

5.4.2 Shop right limits

(1)

5.4.3 Functions outside traditional employment relationship

(1)

5.5 Summary

(1)

5.6 Exercises

(2)

5.6.1 Exercise 1

(1)

5.6.2 Exercise 2

(1)

Additional Reading

(1)

Chapter 6 Inventorship

(22)

Angela M. Davison

6.1 Introduction

(1)

6.2 Why it is important to determine proper inventorship

100

(1)

6.3 Determination of inventorship

100

(2)

6.3.1 Conception of the subject matter at issue

101

(1)

6.3.2 Recitation of the subject matter in a patent claim

101

(1)

6.4 Inventorship and ownership

102

(8)

6.4.1 Employer-employee contract

102

(1)

6.4.2 Employed to invent doctrine

103

(3)

6.4.3 An employer's shop rights

106

(4)

6.5 Inventorship entity

110

(2)

6.6 Joint inventorship

112

(3)

6.6.1 Definition of joint inventorship

112

(1)

6.6.1.1 Conception

112

(1)

6.6.1.2 Collaboration

115

(1)

6.7 Correcting inventorship errors

115

(3)

6.7.1 Correcting inventorship errors in a patent application

117

(1)

6.7.2 Correcting inventorship errors in an issued patent

117

(1)

6.7.3 Correcting inventorship errors in an issued patent during litigation

118

(1)

6.8 Concluding remarks

118

(1)

References

119

(2)

Chapter 7 Internet patent document searching and interactions with an information specialist

121

(26)

Avery N. Goldstein

7.1 Introduction

122

(1)

7.2 Information available through a patent search

123

(6)

7.2.1 Patent authority

123

(1)

7.2.2 Patent/application/publication number

124

(1)

7.2.3 Date of patent/publication

124

(1)

7.2.4 Title

124

(3)

7.2.5 Inventors

127

(1)

7.2.6 Inventor address

127

(1)

7.2.7 Assignee /applicant

127

(1)

7.2.8 Assignee /applicant address

128

(1)

7.2.9 Application number

128

(1)

7.2.10 Filing date

128

(1)

7.2.11 Priority number

128

(1)

7.2.12 International patent class

128

(1)

7.2.13 NationaVregional patent classification

129

(1)

7.2.14 Text fields

129

(1)

7.3 Overview of patent databases available over the Internet

129

(3)

7.3.1 European Patent Office (ep.espacenet.com)

129

(1)

7.3.2 Japan (wwwl9.ipol.jpo.go.jp/pal/cgi-bin/palinit)

130

(1)

7.3.3 United States Patent and Trademark Office (www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html)

130

(1)

7.3.4 Germany (www.depatisnet.dpma.de)

130

(1)

7.3.5 Canada (patentsl.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html)

131

(1)

7.3.6 Russia (www.fips.ru/ensite)

131

(1)

7.3.7 World Intellectual Property Organization (http://ipol.wipo.int/)

131

(1)

7.3.8 Commercial databases

131

(1)

7.4 Performing various types of searches

132

(11)

7.4.1 Informational searches

132

(1)

7.4.1.1 Identifier searches

132

(1)

7.4.1.2 State-of-the-art searches

132

(1)

7.4.1.3 Novelty search

134

(5)

7.4.2 Legal searches

139

(1)

7.4.2.1 Validity search

139

(1)

7.4.2.2 Infringement search

141

(2)

7.5 Tips on preparing search inputs

143

(2)

7.5.1 Keywords

143

(2)

7.5.2 Determining relevant classification

145

(1)

7.5.2.1 International patent classification

145

(1)

7.5.2.2 United States patent classification

145

(1)

7.6 Exercises

145

(2)

Chapter 8 Interactions with a patent agent or attorney

147

(56)

Tom Brody

8.1 Introduction

149

(1)

8.2 Consultation

149

(17)

8.2.1 Regarding activities

150

(1)

8.2.1.1 Activities in the laboratory

151

(1)

8.2.1.2 Activities involving multiple inventors or collaborators

152

(1)

8.2.1.3 Activities involving sales

153

(1)

8.2.1.4 Activities involving public use

154

(1)

8.2.2 Exploring invention patentability

155

(1)

8.2.2.1 An invention may be patented even if a working prototype has not been made

155

(1)

8.2.2.2 Avoiding 102-rejections and achieving patentability

156

(1)

8.2.2.3 Avoiding 103-rejections and achieving patentability

158

(1)

8.2.2.4 Infringment analysis may be conducted at the same time as patentability analysis

160

(1)

8.2.2.5 Avoiding 101-rejections and achieving patentablity

161

(5)

8.3 Information needed to draft a patent application

166

(4)

8.3.1 Examples where not enough information was provided

167

(2)

8.3.2 The inventor needs to provide information on the best way (best mode) of making and using the invention

169

(1)

8.3.3 The inventor should provide the attorney with information regarding the level of skill of one of ordinary skill in the field

170

(1)

8.4 Reviewing a patent application draft

170

(3)

8.4.1 Example of a patent where the specification succeeded in supporting an invention described in a claim

171

(1)

8.4.2 Example of a patent where the specification failed to support an invention described in a claim

171

(1)

8.4.3 Writing style in a patent application necessarily differs from the writing style in a scientific publication

172

(1)

8.5 Commenting on Office Actions

173

(14)

8.5.1 Prosecution history estoppel

173

(1)

8.5.1.1 Amendment to a claim to avoid a prior art rejection

179

(1)

8.5.1.2 Amendment to a claim made for no reason

180

(1)

8.5.1.3 Amendment to a claim made in order to avoid a 112-rejection

180

(1)

8.5.1.4 Repeated assertions regarding a claim

181

(1)

8.5.1.5 Details of types of prosecution history that can later prevent the application of the doctrine of equivalents

181

(1)

8.5.1.6 Strategies

183

(1)

8.5.2 Use of declarations

184

(1)

8.5.2.1 Declarations to establish the earlier date of making or building the invention

185

(1)

8.5.2.2 Declarations to establish the skill level of "one of ordinary skill in the art"

186

(1)

8.5.2.3 Declarations to persuade the examiner that a prior art patent is invalid and should not be used in a prior art rejection

186

(1)

8.6 Case studies

187

(10)

8.6.1 Amgen v. Hoechst and Transkaryotic Therapies (D. Mass. 2001)

187

(1)

8.6.2 Bayer AG v. Elan (N.D. Ga 1999) and Bayer AG v. Elan (Fed. Cir. 2000)

188

(1)

8.6.3 Eli Lilly Corp. v. Barr Laboratories (Fed. Cir. 2000)

188

(1)

8.6.4 Hess v. Advanced Cardiovascular Systems Inc. (Fed. Cir. 1997)

189

(1)

8.6.5 Kimberly-Clark Corp. v. Proctor & Gamble (Fed. Cir. 1992)

189

(1)

8.6.6 In re Mahurkar patent litigation (N.D. Ill. 1993); Mahurkar v. Impra (Fed. Cir. 1995)

190

(1)

8.6.7 Microchemical, Inc. v. Great Plains Chemical Co, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 1997)

191

(1)

8.6.8 Monsanto Co. v. Mycogen Plant Science, Inc. (D. Del. 1999)

192

(2)

8.6.9 In re Oetiker (Fed. Cir. 1992)

194

(1)

8.6.10 Promega v. Novagen (D. W. Wisc. 1997)

194

(1)

8.6.11 Refac v. Lotus (D.S.N.Y. 1995)

195

(1)

8.6.12 Schendel v. Curtis, Park, and Cosman (Fed. Cir. 1996)

196

(1)

8.6.13 In re Strahilevitz (C.C.P.A. 1982)

196

(1)

Acknowledgments

197

(1)

References

197

(6)

Part IV: Ancillary patent activities

Chapter 9 How to read a patent

203

(38)

Judith M. Riley

9.1 Quick tips on reading a patent

204

(1)

9.2 What? me read a patent?

204

(1)

9.3 Dissecting a U.S. patent

205

(1)

9.4 The cover page

206

(3)

9.5 The specification

209

(18)

9.5.1 The drawings

209

(7)

9.5.2 Field of the invention

216

(1)

9.5.3 Background of the invention

216

(1)

9.5.4 Summary of the invention

217

(2)

9.5.5 Brief description of the drawings

219

(1)

9.5.6 Detailed description of the preferred embodiments

219

(2)

9.5.7 The claims

221

(5)

9.5.8 Corrections

226

(1)

9.6 Understanding patent claims

227

(6)

9.6.1 The preamble

228

(1)

9.6.2 The transitory phrase

229

(2)

9.6.3 The body

231

(1)

9.6.4 Dependent claims

232

(1)

9.7 Claim formats

233

(9)

9.7.1 Article claims

234

(1)

9.7.2 Process claims

235

(2)

9.7.3 Method of use claims

237

(1)

9.7.4 Product by process claims

238

(2)

9.8 A final caveat

240

(1)

Chapter 10 Technology transfer: patent licensing and related Strategies

241

(28)

Peter J. Newman

10.1 Introduction

242

(1)

10.2 Purpose of technology transfer

243

(1)

10.3 Finding potential licensees

244

(3)

10.4 Contacting potential licensees

247

(1)

10.5 Technology brokers

248

(1)

10.6. Confidentiality agreements

249

(1)

10.7 Start-up companies

250

(2)

10.8 Types of commercialization agreements

252

(3)

10.9 Valuation

255

(3)

10.10 Negotiating terms

258

(1)

10.11 Heads of agreement

259

(2)

10.12 Drafting licensing agreements

261

(1)

10.13 Conclusion

262

(4)

Example 1

263

(1)

Example 2

264

(1)

Example 3

265

(1)

References

266

(3)

Index

269

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Patent Laws for Scientists and Engineers

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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