Patten's Foundations of Embryology

, by Carlson, Bruce M.

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ISBN: 9780072871708 | 0072871709
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/1/2003

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PREFACE

1 Embryology-Its Scope, History, and Special Fields

(50)

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

(2)

EMBRYOLOGY

(1)

SPECIAL FIELDS IN EMBRYOLOGY

(1)

EMBRYOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

(4)

THE CELL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

(11)

Intracellular Synthesis and Its Regulation

Cell Surface

Extracellular Matrix

FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES AND CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT

(21)

Cell Division and the Cell Cycle

Gene Activation

Restriction and Determination

Induction

Differentiation

Morphogenesis

Intercellular Communication

Cell Movements

Cell Death Apotosis)

The Clonal Mode of Development

Regulation and Regeneration

Growth

Recapitulation

Heredity and Environment

METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

(10)

Direct Observation of Living Embryos

Examination of Fixed Material

Histochemical Methods

Autoradiography

Tracing Methods

Immunological Methods

Microsurgical Techniques

Culture Techniques

Biochemical and Molecular Techniques

Irradiation Techniques

Inhibitory Agents and Teratogens

Developmental Genetics and the Use of Mutants and Genetic Markers

2 Reproductive Organs and the Sexual Cycle

(24)

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

(5)

Female Reproductive Organs

Male Reproductive Organs

SEXUAL CYCLE IN MAMMALS

(13)

Estrous Cycle in Mammals

Primate Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Female Sexual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of Reproduction in the Male

3 Gametogenesis

(46)

GAMETOGENESIS

(13)

The Origin of Primordial Germ Cells and Their Migration to the Gonads

Proliferation of Germ Cells by Mitosis

Meiosis

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Compared

SPERMATOGENESIS

(6)

Gene Expression during Spermatogenesis

Sperm Maturation

OOGENESIS

(19)

Oogenesis in Amphibians

Development of the Amphibian Egg

Gene Expression and Other Preparatory Events during Amphibian Oogenesis

Oogenesis in Birds

Oogenesis in Mammals

ACCESSORY COVERINGS OF EGGS

113

(8)

Coverings of the Sea Urchin Egg

The Membranes Surrounding the Amphibian Egg

Formation of the Accessory Coverings of Bird Eggs

The Coverings of Mammalian Eggs

4 Fertilization

121

(30)

THE SEA URCHIN

122

(9)

Gamete Release and Transport

Sperm Penetration of the Egg in Invertebrates and the Acrosome Reaction

Binding of Sperm to the Egg

Blocks to Polyspermy

Metabolic Activation of the Egg

Penetration of the Spermatozoon into the Egg and Fusion of the Genetic Material

MAMMALIAN FERTILIZATION

131

(10)

Sperm Transport in the Female Reproductive Tract of Mammals

Egg Transport

The Viability of Ova and Spermataozoa

Union of Gametes

Development and Fusion of Pronuclei

Parthenogenesis

SEX DETERMINATION

141

(2)

ESTABLISHMENT OF POLARITY IN THE EMBRYO

143

(8)

Establishment of Polarity in Amphibians

Establishment of Polarity in Birds

5 Cleavage and Formation of the Blastula

151

(38)

THE CELL DURING CLEAVAGE

152

(3)

DISTRIBUTION OF YOLK AND ITS EFFECT ON CLEAVAGE

155

(1)

CLEAVAGE AND FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA IN AMPHIOX US

155

(2)

CLEAVAGE AND FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA IN SEA URCHINS

157

(4)

CLEAVAGE AND FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA IN AMPHIBIANS

161

(4)

CLEAVAGE AND FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA IN BIRDS

165

(4)

CLEAVAGE AND FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA IN MAMMALS

169

(6)

ORGANIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE EMBRYO DURING CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULATION (EXPERIMENTAL EMBRYOLOGY)

175

(8)

MOLECULAR EVENTS DURING CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULATION

183

(3)

PARENTAL IMPRINTING

186

(2)

WHAT IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULATION

188

(1)

6 Gastrulation and the Formation of the Germ Layers

189

(38)

GASTRULATION AS A PROCESS

189

(2)

GASTRULATION IN SEA URCHIN EMBRYOS

191

(3)

GASTRULATION IN AMPHIBIAN EMBRYOS

194

(10)

GASTRULATION IN BIRDS

204

(13)

Molecular Aspects of Early Avian Development

Prospective Areas in Chicks at the Primitive-Streak Stage

COMPARISON OF AVIAN AND AMPHIBIAN DEVELOPMENT

217

(1)

ORIGIN OF THE GERM LAYERS IN MAMMALS

218

(6)

ORIGIN OF THE GERM LAYERS IN RODENTS

224

(2)

EMBRYOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE GERM LAYERS

226

(1)

7 Neurulation and the Formation of Axial Structures

227

(28)

PRIMARY (NEURAL) INDUCTION

228

(4)

NEURULATION IN AMPHIBIANS

232

(4)

FORMATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE

236

(3)

THE NEURAL CREST

239

(1)

THE MESODERM OF THE EARLY EMBRYO

240

(4)

SECRETION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS IN THE EARLY EMBRYO

244

(3)

THE FORMATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF SOMITOMERES AND SOMITES

247

(8)

8 Extraembryonic Membranes and Placenta

255

(36)

EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES OF THE CHICK

267

(1)

The Folding-Off of the Body of the Embryo

The Establishment of the Yolk Sac and the Delimitation of the Embryonic Gut

The Amnion and Chorion

The Allantois

THE FORMATION OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES AND PLACENTA IN MAMMALS

267

(2)

TYPES OF PLACENTAE

269

(1)

THE SPACING OF EMBRYOS IN THE UTERUS

270

HUMAN FETAL-MATERNAL RELATIONS

212

(79)

Implantation

Formation of Extraembryonic Tissues in the Human Embryo

Development of Chorionic Villi

Formation of Placenta

Later Changes in the Structure of the Uterus and Placenta

Birth and the Afterbirth

9 Basic Body Plan of Young Mammalian Embryos

291

(20)

EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS

296

(2)

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

298

(1)

THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

299

(4)

THE MESODERM

303

(1)

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

303

(8)

Basic Plan of the Embryonic Circulatory System

The Establishing of the Heart

The Formation of Blood and Blood Vessels

10 The Generation of Cell Diversity and the Development of Muscular and Skeletal Tissues

311

(44)

THE GENERATION OF CELL DIVERSITY

311

(13)

Constancy of the Genome and Differential Gene Expression

Isoforms and the Progressive Specialization of Cells during Development

Patterns in the Generation of Cell Diversity

Predetermined Lineages versus Environment in the Generation of Cell Diversity

The Influence of the Cytoplasm on Gene Expression and the Generation of Cell Diversity

Molecular Mechanisms in the Control of Differential Gene Expression in Differentiating Cells

THE FORMATION OF MUSCLE

324

(15)

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Musculature

FORMATION OF THE SKELETON

339

(16)

Cartilage Formation

Histogenesis of Bone

Modes of Bone Formation

Development of Characteristic Skeletal Elements

11 The Skin and Its Derivatives

355

(38)

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGUMENT

355

(3)

HISTOGENESIS OF THE SKIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES

358

(7)

Epidermis

Immigrant Cells in the Epidermis

Hair

Feathers

Scales

TISSUE INTERACTIONS IN INTEGUMENTARY DEVELOPMENT

365

(8)

PATTERN FORMATION IN THE INTEGUMENT

373

FEATHERS

315

(60)

EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION

375

(5)

PIGMENTATION PATTERNS IN THE SKIN

380

(5)

MAMMARY GLANDS

385

(8)

12 Limb Development

393

(28)

INITIATION OF LIMB DEVELOPMENT

393

(2)

REGULATIVE PROPERTIES OF THE EARLY LIMB PRIMORDIUM

395

(1)

AXIAL DETERMINATION OF THE LIMBS

395

(3)

HOMEOBOX GENES AND THE DEVELOPING LIMB

398

(2)

OUTGROWTH OF THE LIMB BUD

400

(1)

APICAL ECTODERMAL RIDGE

401

(4)

Structure of the Ridge

Properties of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge

MESODERM OF THE EARLY LIMB BUD

405

(7)

Structure

Role of the Mesoderm

Cell Death in the Developing Limb

The Zone of Polarizing Activity

MORPHOGENETIC CONTROL OF THE DEVELOPING LIMB

412

(13)

Differentiation of the Skeleton

Differentiation of Muscles Development of the Vascular Supply

Innervation of the Embryonic Limb

LIMB REGENERATION

425

13 Development of the Nervous System

421

(48)

EARLY STAGES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

428

(2)

Clones and Cell Lineages

Induction of the Nervous System and Neurulation

Early Morphogenesis of the Nervous System

HOMEOBOX GENES AND SEGMENTATION IN THE DEVELOPING CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

430

(3)

HISTOGENESIS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

433

(5)

Establishment of the Neuroepithelium

Neuroblasts

Neuroglia

Ependymal Cells

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEVELOPING NEURAL TUBE

438

(7)

Development of the Gray and White Matter in the Spinal Cord and Brain

Induction of the Floor Plate and Control of Dorsoventral Polarity within the Neural Tube

Later Histogenesis within the Developing Neural Tube

The Meninges

REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN

445

(6)

Spinal Cord

Brain

Brain Vesicles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PERIPHERAL NERVE

451

(10)

The Components of a Peripheral Nerve

Axonal Outgrowth

Development of a Nerve to the Limb

Autonomic Nerves

Effect of the Periphery on Development of the Spinal Cord

THE CRANIAL NERVES

461

(3)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURAL FUNCTION IN THE EMBRYO

464

(3)

The Development of Motor Function in the Human Embryo

SEX HORMONES AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

467

(2)

14 The Neural Crest

469

(16)

ORIGINS OF THE NEURAL CREST

470

MIGRATIONS OF THE NEURAL CREST

412

(61)

THE DIFFERENTIATION OF NEURAL CREST CELLS

473

(4)

NEURAL CREST OF THE TRUNK AND HEAD

477

(8)

The Trunk Neural Crest

The Cranial Neural Crest

15 The Sense Organs

485

(28)

THE EYE

486

(19)

The Initiation of Eye Development

Primary Optic Vesicle

Formation of the Optic Cup from the Primary Optic Vesicle Establishment of the Lens

Differentiation of the Lens

Later Development of the Lens

Iris and Ciliary Apparatus

Choroid Coat and Sclera

Cornea

Retina

Eyelids, Conjunctive, and Associated Glands

Changes in Position of the Eyes

THE EAR

505

(8)

Formation of the Auditory Vesicle

Differentiation of the Auditory Vesicle to Form the Inner Ear

Middle Ear

External Ear

16 Development of the Head and Neck

513

(28)

EARLY ORGANIZATION OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION

513

(2)

THE FACE AND JAWS

515

(4)

THE PALATE

519

(3)

THE NASAL CHAMBERS

522

(3)

THE TONGUE

525

(1)

THE HYPOPHYSIS

526

(2)

SALIVARY GLANDS

528

(1)

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

528

(9)

Stages of Tooth Development

Tissue Interactions in Tooth Development

The Formation of Dentine and Enamel

Tooth Eruption and Replacement

THE BRANCHIAL REGION

537

(1)

BRANCHIAL ARCHES

537

(3)

BRANCHIAL CLEFTS

540

(1)

PHARYNX

540

(2)

THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM

542

Development of the Lymphoid System

17 The Digestive and Respiratory Systems and the Body Cavities

541

(28)

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

547

(11)

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestines

Liver

Pancreas

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

558

(4)

Trachea

Bronchi and Lungs

THE BODY CAVITIES AND MESENTERIES

562

(7)

Primitive Coelom

Mesenteries

Partitioning of the Coelom

18 The Development of the Urogenital System

569

(32)

THE URINARY SYSTEM

569

(19)

General Relationship of Pronephros, Mesonephros, and Metanephros

Pronephros

Mesonephros

Metanephros

Histogenesis of the Metanephros

Later Positional Changes in the Kidney

Formation of the Bladder and Early Changes in the Cloacal Region

DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

588

(6)

Factors Involved in Sexual Differentiation

Early Differentiation of the Gonads

THE SEXUAL DUCT SYSTEM OF THE MALE

594

(3)

THE SEXUAL DUCT SYSTEM OF THE FEMALE

597

(2)

Vagina

Uterus

Uterine Tubes

THE SEXUAL OF THE GONADS

599

(4)

Descent of the Testes

Formation of the Broad Ligament

Descent of the Ovaries

THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA

603

Indifferent Stages

Male Genitalia

Female Genitalia

19 The Development of the Circulatory System

601

(44)

INTRODUCTION TO THE EMBRYONIC CIRCULATION

607

(2)

EMBRYONIC HEMATOPOIESIS

609

(2)

ERYTHROPOIESIS AND HEMOGLOBIN FORMATION

611

(5)

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

616

(1)

THE ARTERIES

617

(2)

Derivatives of the Aortic Arches

Branches of the Aorta

THE VEINS

619

(6)

THE HEART

625

(18)

Formation of the Cardiac Loop and Establishment of Regional Divisions in the Heart

Beginning of Cardiac Function

Partitioning of the Heart

Course and Balance of Blood Flow in the Fetal Heart

CHANGES IN THE CIRCULATION FOLLOWING BIRTH

643

(2)

APPENDIX

645

(40)

REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL READING

685

(38)

INDEX

723

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Patten's Foundations of Embryology

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