Pearson eText for Interactive Computer Graphics -- Access Card

A top-down, programming-oriented approach to introductory computer graphics.
Computer animation and graphics are now prevalent in everyday life from the computer screen, to the movie screen, to the smartphone screen. The growing excitement about WebGL applications and their ability to integrate HTML5, inspired the authors to exclusively use WebGL in creating Interactive Computer Graphics -- the only introduction to computer graphics text for undergraduates that fully integrates WebGL and emphasizes application-based programming. The top-down, programming-oriented approach allows for coverage of engaging 3D material early in the course so students immediately begin to create their own 3D graphics, while the application programming interface (API) makes it easier to teach key graphics topics, including three-dimensional transformations, lighting and shading, client–server graphics, modeling, and implementation algorithms. The new edition uses WebGL and JavaScript for all the examples.

With the 8th Edition, and for the first time, Interactive Computer Graphics moves into the world of interactive electronic textbooks, enabling students to experiment and view code and examples while reading.

For courses in computer science and engineering.

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Edward Angel is a professor of computer science, electrical and computer engineering, and media arts at the University of New Mexico. He holds a PhD from the University of Southern California and a BS in engineering from the California Institute of Technology. He is also the director of Art, Research, Technology, and Science Laboratory (ARTS Lab) and the Arts Technology Center at the University of New Mexico. He is the author of Interactive Computer Graphics and OpenGL: A Primer .

Dave Shreiner is a computer graphics specialist at ARM, Inc. He's been working with OpenGL since its inception at Silicon Graphics Computer Systems (SGI). During his 15-year tenure at SGI, he authored the first commercial OpenGL training course, co-authored the OpenGL programming guide and reference manuals, and engineered OpenGL drivers for a multitude of different systems.

Dave's been working in the computer graphics industry for the past two decades, where he's authored applications for flight simulators, scientific visualization, production animation, and numerous other disciplines. Also passionate about educating programmers about OpenGL and computer graphics, he's presented lectures and short courses at conference world wide, including SIGGRAPH and the Games Developer Conference.

CHAPTER  1 GRAPHICS SYSTEMS AND MODELS

1.1 Applications of Computer Graphics

1.1.1 Display of Information

1.1.2 Design

1.1.3 Simulation and Animation

1.1.4 User Interfaces

1.2 A Graphics System

1.2.1 Pixels and the Framebuffer

1.2.2 The CPU and the GPU

1.2.3 Output Devices

1.2.4 Input Devices

1.3 Images: Physical and Synthetic

1.3.1 Objects and Viewers

1.3.2 Light and Images

1.3.3 Imaging Models

1.4 Imaging Systems

1.4.1 The Pinhole Camera

1.4.2 The Human Visual System

1.5 The Synthetic-Camera Model

1.6 The Programmer’s Interface

1.6.1 The Pen-Plotter Model

1.6.2 Three-Dimensional APIs

1.6.3 A Sequence of Images

1.6.4 The Modeling—Rendering Paradigm

1.7 Graphics Architectures

1.7.1 Display Processors

1.7.2 Pipeline Architectures

1.7.3 The Graphics Pipeline

1.7.4 Vertex Processing

1.7.5 Clipping and Primitive Assembly

1.7.6 Rasterization

1.7.7 Fragment Processing

1.8 Programmable Pipelines

1.9 Performance Characteristics

1.10 OpenGL Versions and WebGL

Summary and Notes

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER  2 GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING

2.1 The Sierpinski Gasket

2.2 Programming Two-Dimensional Applications

2.3 The WebGL Application Programming Interface

2.3.1 Graphics Functions

2.3.2 The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines

2.3.3 OpenGL and WebGL

2.3.4 The WebGL Interface

2.3.5 Coordinate Systems

2.4 Primitives and Attributes

2.4.1 Polygon Basics

2.4.2 Polygons in WebGL

2.4.3 Triangulation

2.4.4 Text

2.4.5 Vertex Attributes

2.5 Color

2.5.1 RGB Color

2.5.2 Color Tables

2.5.3 Setting of Color Attributes

2.6 Viewing

2.6.1 The Orthographic View

2.6.2 Two-Dimensional Viewing

2.7 Control Functions

2.7.1 The HTML Canvas

2.7.2 Aspect Ratio and Viewports

2.7.3 Application Execution

2.8 The Gasket Program

2.8.1 Sending Data to the GPU

2.8.2 Rendering the Points

2.8.3 The Vertex Shader

2.8.4 The Fragment Shader

2.8.5 Combining the Parts

2.8.6 The initShaders Function

2.8.7 The init Function

2.8.8 Reading the Shaders from the Application

2.9 Polygons and Recursion

2.10 The Three-Dimensional Gasket

2.10.1 Use of Three-Dimensional Points

2.10.2 Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions

2.10.3 Hidden-Surface Removal

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 3 INTERACTION AND ANIMATION

3.1 Animation

3.1.1 The Rotating Square

3.1.2 The Display Process

3.1.3 Double Buffering

3.1.4 Using a Timer

3.1.5 Using requestAnimationFrame

3.2 Interaction

3.3 Input Devices

3.4 Physical Input Devices

3.4.1 Keyboard Codes

3.4.2 The Mouse and the Trackball

3.4.3 Data Tablets,Touch Pads, and Touch Screens

3.4.4 Multidimensional Input Devices

3.4.5 Logical Devices

3.4.6 Input Modes

3.4.7 Clients and Servers

3.5 Programming Event-Driven Input

3.5.1 Events and Event Listeners

3.5.2 Adding a Button

3.5.3 Menus

3.5.4 Using Key Codes

3.5.5 Sliders

3.6 Position Input

3.7 Window Events

3.8 Gesture and Touch

3.9 Picking

3.10 Building Models Interactively

3.11 Design of Interactive Programs

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER  4 GEOMETRIC OBJECTS AND TRANSFORMATIONS

4.1 Scalars, Points, and Vectors

4.1.1 Geometric Objects

4.1.2 Coordinate-Free Geometry

4.1.3 The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces

4.1.4 The Computer Science View

4.1.5 Geometric ADTs

4.1.6 Lines

4.1.7 Affine Sums

4.1.8 Convexity

4.1.9 Dot and Cross Products

4.1.10 Planes

4.2 Three-Dimensional Primitives

4.3 Coordinate Systems and Frames

4.3.1 Representations and N-Tuples

4.3.2 Change of Coordinate Systems

4.3.3 Example: Change of Representation

4.3.4 Homogeneous Coordinates

4.3.5 Example: Change in Frames

4.3.6 Working with Representations

4.4 Frames in WebGL

4.5 Matrix and Vector Types

4.5.1 Row Versus Column Major Matrix Representations

4.6 Modeling a Colored Cube

4.6.1 Modeling the Faces

4.6.2 Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces

4.6.3 Data Structures for Object Representation

4.6.4 The Colored Cube

4.6.5 Color Interpolation

4.6.6 Displaying the Cube

4.6.7 Drawing by Elements

4.6.8 Primitive Restart

4.7 Affine Transformations

4.8 Translation, Rotation, and Scaling

4.8.1 Translation

4.8.2 Rotation

4.8.3 Scaling

4.9 Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates

4.9.1 Translation

4.9.2 Scaling

4.9.3 Rotation

4.9.4 Shear

4.10 Concatenation of Transformations

4.10.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point

4.10.2 General Rotation

4.10.3 The Instance Transformation

4.10.4 Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis

4.11 Transformation Matrices in WebGL

4.11.1 Current Transformation Matrices

4.11.2 Basic Matrix Functions

4.11.3 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling

4.11.4 Rotation About a Fixed Point

4.11.5 Order of Transformations

4.12 Spinning of the Cube

4.12.1 Uniform Matrices

4.13 Smooth Rotations

4.13.1 Incremental Rotation

4.14 Quaternions

4.14.1 Complex Numbers and Quaternions

4.14.2 Quaternions and Rotation

4.14.3 Quaternions and Gimbal Lock

4.15 Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications

4.15.1 Using Areas of the Screen

4.15.2 A Virtual Trackball

4.15.3 Implementing the Trackball with Quaternions

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 5 VIEWING

5.1 Classical and Computer Viewing

5.1.1 Classical Viewing

5.1.2 Orthographic Projections

5.1.3 Axonometric Projections

5.1.4 Oblique Projections

5.1.5 Perspective Viewing

5.2 Viewing with a Computer

5.3 Positioning of the Camera

5.3.1 From the Object Frame to the Camera Frame

5.3.2 Two Viewing APIs

5.3.3 The Look-At Function

5.4 Parallel Projections

5.4.1 Orthogonal Projections

5.4.2 Parallel Viewing with WebGL

5.4.3 Projection Normalization

5.4.4 Orthogonal Projection Matrices

5.4.5 Oblique Projections

5.4.6 An Interactive Viewer

5.5 Perspective Projections

5.5.1 Simple Perspective Projections

5.6 Perspective Projections with WebGL

5.6.1 Perspective Functions

5.7 Perspective Projection Matrices

5.7.1 Perspective Normalization

5.7.2 WebGL Perspective Transformations

5.7.3 Perspective Example

5.8 Hidden-Surface Removal

5.8.1 Culling

5.9 Displaying Meshes

5.9.1 Displaying Meshes as Surfaces

5.9.2 Polygon Offset

5.9.3 Walking Through a Scene

5.10 Projections and Shadows

5.10.1 Projected Shadows

5.11 Shadow Maps

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 6 LIGHTING AND SHADING

6.1 Light and Matter

6.2 Light Sources

6.2.1 Color Sources

6.2.2 Ambient Light

6.2.3 Point Sources

6.2.4 Spotlights

6.2.5 Distant Light Sources

6.3 The Phong Lighting Model

6.3.1 Ambient Reflection

6.3.2 Diffuse Reflection

6.3.3 Specular Reflection

6.3.4 The Modified Phong Model

6.4 Computation of Vectors

6.4.1 Normal Vectors

6.4.2 Angle of Reflection

6.5 Polygonal Shading

6.5.1 Flat Shading

6.5.2 Smooth and Gouraud Shading

6.5.3 Phong Shading

6.6 Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision

6.7 Specifying Lighting Parameters

6.7.1 Light Sources

6.7.2 Materials

6.8 Implementing a Lighting Model

6.8.1 Applying the Lighting Model in the Application

6.8.2 Efficiency

6.8.3 Lighting in the Vertex Shader

6.9 Shading of the Sphere Model

6.10 Per-Fragment Lighting

6.11 Nonphotorealistic Shading

6.12 Global Illumination

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 7 TEXTURE MAPPING

7.1 Buffers

7.2 Digital Images

7.3 Mapping Methods

7.4 Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping

7.5 Texture Mapping in WebGL

7.5.1 Texture Objects

7.5.2 The Texture Image Array

7.5.3 Texture Coordinates and Samplers

7.5.4 Texture Sampling

7.5.5 Working with Texture Coordinates

7.5.6 3D Texture Mapping

7.5.7 Multitexturing

7.6 Environment Maps

7.7 Reflection Map Example

7.8 Bump Mapping

7.8.1 Finding Bump Maps

7.8.2 Bump Map Example

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER  8 WORKING WITH FRAMEBUFFERS

8.1 Blending Techniques

8.1.1 Opacity and Blending

8.1.2 Image Blending

8.1.3 Blending in WebGL

8.1.4 Antialiasing Revisited

8.1.5 Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering

8.1.6 Scene Antialiasing and Multisampling

8.2 Image Processing

8.2.1 Other Multipass Methods

8.3 GPGPU

8.4 Framebuffer Objects

8.5 Multi-pass Rendering Techniques

8.5.1 Ambient Occlusion

8.5.2 Deferred Lighting

8.6 Buffer Ping-Ponging

8.7 Picking

8.8 Shadow Maps

8.9 Projective Textures

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 9 MODELING AND HIERARCHY

9.1 Geometries and Instances

9.2 Hierarchical Models

9.3 A Robot Arm

9.4 Trees and Traversal

9.4.1 A Stack-Based Traversal

9.5 Use of Tree Data Structures

9.6 Animation

9.7 Graphical Objects

9.7.1 Methods, Attributes, and Messages

9.7.2 A Cube Object

9.7.3 Instancing in WebGL

9.7.4 Objects and Hierarchy

9.7.5 Geometric and Nongeometric Objects

9.8 Scene Graphs

9.9 Implementing Scene Graphs

9.9.1 three.js Examples

9.10 Other Tree Structures

9.10.1 CSG Trees

9.10.2 BSP Trees

9.10.3 Quadtrees and Octrees

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 10 PROCEDURAL METHODS

10.1 Algorithmic Models

10.2 Physically Based Models and Particle Systems

10.3 Newtonian Particles

10.3.1 Independent Particles

10.3.2 Spring Forces

10.3.3 Attractive and Repulsive Forces

10.4 Solving Particle Systems

10.5 Constraints

10.5.1 Collisions

10.5.2 Soft Constraints

10.6 A Simple Particle System

10.6.1 Displaying the Particles

10.6.2 Updating Particle Positions

10.6.3 Collisions

10.6.4 Forces

10.6.5 Flocking

10.7 Agent-Based Models

10.8 Using Point Sprites

10.9 Language-Based Models

10.10 Recursive Methods and Fractals

10.10.1 Rulers and Length

10.10.2 Fractal Dimension

10.10.3 Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion

10.10.4 Fractal Mountains

10.10.5 The Mandelbrot Set

10.10.6 Mandelbrot Fragment Shader

10.11 Procedural Noise

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 11 CURVES AND SURFACES

11.1 Representation of Curves and Surfaces

11.1.1 Explicit Representation

11.1.2 Implicit Representations

11.1.3 Parametric Form

11.1.4 Parametric Polynomial Curves

11.1.5 Parametric Polynomial Surfaces

11.2 Design Criteria

11.3 Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves

11.4 Interpolation

11.4.1 Blending Functions

11.4.2 The Cubic Interpolating Patch

11.5 Hermite Curves and Surfaces

11.5.1 The Hermite Form

11.5.2 Geometric and Parametric Continuity

11.6 Be´ zier Curves and Surfaces

11.6.1 Be´ zier Curves

11.6.2 Be´ zier Surface Patches

11.7 Cubic B-Splines

11.7.1 The Cubic B-Spline Curve

11.7.2 B-Splines and Basis

11.7.3 Spline Surfaces

11.8 General B-Splines

11.8.1 Recursively Defined B-Splines

11.8.2 Uniform Splines

11.8.3 Nonuniform B-Splines

11.8.4 NURBS

11.8.5 Catmull-Rom Splines

11.9 Rendering Curves and Surfaces

11.9.1 Polynomial Evaluation Methods

11.9.2 Recursive Subdivision of Be´ zier Polynomials

11.9.3 Rendering Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision

11.9.4 Subdivision of Be´ zier Surfaces

11.10 The Utah Teapot

11.11 Algebraic Surfaces

11.11.1 Quadrics

11.11.2 Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting

11.12 Subdivision Curves and Surfaces

11.12.1 Mesh Subdivision

11.13 Mesh Generation from Data

11.13.1 Height Fields Revisited

11.13.2 Delaunay Triangulation

11.13.3 Point Clouds

11.14 Graphics API support for Curves and Surfaces

11.14.1 Tessellation Shading

11.14.2 Geometry Shading

Summary and Notes

Code Examples

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 12 FROM GEOMETRY TO PIXELS

12.1 Basic Rendering Strategies

12.2 Rendering Pipeline

12.2.1 Modeling

12.2.2 Geometry Processing

12.2.3 Rasterization

12.2.4 Fragment Processing

12.3 Clipping

12.3.1 Clipping

12.3.2 Bounding Boxes and Volumes

12.3.3 Clipping Against Planes

12.4 Rasterization

12.5 Polygon Rasterization

12.5.1 Inside—Outside Testing

12.5.2 WebGL and Concave Polygons

12.6 Hidden-Surface Removal

12.6.1 Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches

12.6.2 Sorting and Hidden-Surface Removal

12.6.3 Scan Line Algorithms

12.6.4 Back-Face Removal

12.6.5 The z-Buffer Algorithm

12.6.6 Depth Sort and the Painter’s Algorithm

12.7 Hardware Implementations

12.8 Antialiasing

12.9 Display Considerations

12.9.1 Color Systems

12.9.2 The Color Matrix

12.9.3 Gamma Correction

12.9.4 Dithering and Halftoning

Summary and Notes

Suggested Readings

Exercises

CHAPTER 13 ADVANCED RENDERING

13.1 Going Beyond Pipeline Rendering

13.2 Ray Tracing

13.3 Building a Simple Ray Tracer

13.3.1 Recursive Ray Tracing

13.3.2 Calculating Intersections

13.3.3 Ray-Tracing Variations

13.4 The Rendering Equation

13.5 Global Illumination and Path Tracing

13.6 RenderMan

13.7 Parallel Rendering

13.7.1 Sort-Middle Rendering

13.7.2 Sort-Last Rendering

13.7.3 Sort-First Rendering

13.8 Implicit Functions and Contour Maps

13.8.1 Marching Squares

13.8.2 Marching Triangles

13.9 Volume Rendering

13.9.1 Volumetric Data Sets

13.9.2 Visualization of Implicit Functions

13.10 Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes

13.11 Marching Tetrahedra

13.12 Mesh Simplification

13.13 Direct Volume Rendering

13.13.1 Assignment of Color and Opacity

13.13.2 Splatting

13.13.3 Volume Ray Tracing

13.13.4 Texture Mapping of Volumes

13.14 Image-Based Rendering

13.14.1 Distance from Stereo Pairs

13.14.2 The Fundamental Matrix

13.15 Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality

13.16 A Final Example

Summary and Notes

Suggested Readings

Exercises

APPENDIX A INITIALIZING SHADERS

A.1 Shaders in the HTML file

A.2 Reading Shaders from Source Files

APPENDIX B SPACES

B.1 Scalars

B.2 Vector Spaces

B.3 Affine Spaces

B.4 Euclidean Spaces

B.5 Projections

B.6 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization

Suggested Readings

Exercises

APPENDIX  C MATRICES

C.1 Definitions

C.2 Matrix Operations

C.3 Row and Column Matrices

C.4 Rank

C.5 Change of Representation

C.6 The Cross Product

C.7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

C.8 Vector and Matrix Objects

Suggested Readings

Exercises

APPENDIX  D SAMPLING AND ALIASING

D.1 Sampling Theory

D.2 Reconstruction

D.3 Quantization

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