Peer-To-Peer Computing

Insider's account, taking you from past experimental projects to the present resurgence, and looks into its future as a computing model for businesses and consumers on the Internet. Included are some early success stories and discussions of the challenges still ahead.

David Barkai is a member of the Peer-to Peer Architecture group of Intel Labs. He has also been a content architect for the Intel Developer Forum conference and a software scientist in the Microcomputer Software Lab, Before joining Intel in 1996, David worked for 25 years in the field of scientific and engineering supercomputing for Control Data Corporation, Cray Research Inc., Supercomputer Systems Inc., and NASA Ames Research Center. David holds a Ph.D. in theoretical physics and has more than 20 publications as papers, conference proceedings, and textbook contributions on the subjects of physics, numerical methods, and computer applications and architectures.

PART I Peer-To-Peer Computing

1

(50)

A New Computing Model for the Internet

What is Peer-to-Peer Computing? -- First Take

4

(2)

In One Word: Interoperability

6

(2)

The Popular View of Peer-to-Peer

8

(2)

Why and Why Now?

10

(3)

What is Peer-to-Peer Computing

13

(7)

What P2P Computing Can Do for You

20

(2)

The Peer-to-Peer Challenge

22

(3)

Envision the Future

A Day in the Life of a Peer

25

(7)

The User's Perspective

32

(3)

The Implications for IT

35

(3)

The Potential for the Application Developer

38

(4)

Precursors -- A Historical Perspective

Direct Exchanges -- The Beginning

42

(1)

Distributed Processing

43

(5)

Early Collaborative Applications

48

(3)

PART II Laying The Foundations

51

(198)

Architecture and Infrastructure

Nomenclature and Concepts

54

(5)

The Net Infrastructure

59

(4)

Objectives, Attributes, and Requirements of the Middleware

63

(6)

Middleware Services

69

(6)

Design Approaches

75

(9)

An Overview of Reference Architectures

Infrastructure for Distributed Computing

84

(7)

Entropia: Internet-based Distributing Computing

85

(3)

United Devices: Creating the MetaProcessor Platform for Tapping into Unused Resources

88

(3)

Environments for Content Sharing

91

(19)

OpenCola: Delivery of Relevant Content

92

(5)

Mangosoft: Clustering and Technologies for Distributed File Systems

97

(5)

NextPage: Unifying Content without Centralizing

102

(3)

The Escher Group: Data Management and Distributed Messaging

105

(5)

Frameworks for Collaborations

110

(12)

Groove Networks: Internet-Based Collaboration

111

(4)

Endeavors: Inclusive Peer-to-Peer Collaboration with Magi

115

(4)

Engenia: Information Sharing and Interactivity

119

(3)

Towards a General-Purpose P2P Infrastructure

122

(8)

AVAKI: Integrated Architecture for Secure Resource Sharing

123

(3)

Grid Computing for Large-Scale Resource Sharing

126

(4)

Summary of Approaches and Objectives

130

(3)

First, Peers Need to Communicate

About Addresses, Names, and Protocols

133

(12)

What is TCP/IP?

135

(1)

Addresses on the Net

136

(3)

Associating Names with Addresses

139

(2)

The Tree of Protocols and other Standards

141

(1)

HTTP

141

(1)

XML

141

(1)

SOAP

142

(1)

WebDAV

142

(1)

UDDI

143

(1)

XPath

143

(1)

Constructing the Tree of Protocols

144

(1)

Dealing with Firewalls and NATs

145

(12)

NATs and How they Work

146

(4)

Firewalls

150

(1)

Addressing NAT and Firewall Traversal

151

(4)

NATs and Firewalls -- where do we go from here?

155

(2)

Current Practices

157

(10)

The Interplay of Protocol Use

157

(2)

Employing Higher-Level Protocols

159

(1)

Proprietary Protocols

159

(2)

Managing on the Net

161

(3)

Concluding Observations

164

(3)

Next, Name and Find Everyone and Everything

The Name Space Issue

167

(9)

Group Identities

170

(1)

Examples of P2P Naming Schemes

171

(5)

Useful Technologies

176

(4)

Metadata for P2P Services

176

(1)

Intelligent Agents in P2P Computing

177

(3)

Finding out about things: Search, Discovery, and Directories

180

(10)

Protocols

182

(1)

More about UDDI

182

(1)

LDAP

183

(1)

Discovery and Search Practices

184

(4)

In Closing

188

(2)

Then, Peers Wish to Stay Connected

Intermittent Presence

190

(1)

Fault-tolerance

191

(1)

Content Coherency and Synchronization

192

(2)

Availability of Resources

194

(1)

Availability of Content

195

(1)

Intermediation -- With Fault-tolerance and Performance

196

(1)

System Management

197

(1)

Lessons, Observations

198

(4)

Security -- The Big Concern

Why Security is such a Big Deal for P2P

202

(2)

Authentication: Know who you're talking to

204

(2)

Authorization: You Control what is Allowed on Your System

206

(3)

Access Control

207

(1)

Sandboxing

208

(1)

Data Integrity: No One Modified Your Transmissions

209

(2)

Security Models and Practices

211

(17)

Security for an Object-Based Infrastructure

211

(5)

Security in Shared Spaces

216

(4)

Grid Security Infrastructure

220

(3)

Securing Distributed Internet Computing

223

(1)

Applying Security Basics in P2P Networks

224

(1)

Security with WebRiposte from The Escher Group

224

(1)

Engenia's Collaborative Services Platform

225

(1)

Security Between Magi Peers

226

(1)

Security in Mangosoft's Mangomind

227

(1)

The Peer-to-Peer Trusted Library

228

(2)

Concluding Remarks

230

(4)

Cooperative Management of Shared Resources

Managing Distributed Resources

234

(5)

The Globus approach

234

(3)

Managing Resources in Avaki

237

(2)

Computational Resources

239

(3)

Shared Storage

242

(2)

Network Bandwidth

244

(2)

Control of Resource Usage

246

(3)

PART III Successes and Challenges

249

(48)

Applying Peer-to-Peer Technologies

Interactive Collaborations

252

(7)

Collaboration and Communities

252

(3)

P2P and Online Development Projects

255

(1)

Online Gaming Communities

256

(1)

Computing Communities

256

(2)

Join Forces for Virus Protection

258

(1)

Relevant Content through P2P

259

(6)

P2P and Knowledge Management

260

(1)

Distribution of Content the P2P-Way

261

(1)

Usages of Edge Services

262

(1)

Applying P2P to Search and Discovery

263

(2)

Distributed Computing

265

(9)

Distributed Computing on the Internet

265

(3)

Distributed Computing on the Intranet

268

(1)

Grid Computing

269

(3)

Web Testing

272

(2)

Concluding Remarks

274

(1)

Challenges and Outlook

Technical Challenges

275

(9)

Connectivity

276

(1)

Security and Privacy

276

(2)

Fault-tolerance and Availability

278

(1)

Performance and Bandwidth

278

(2)

Scalability

280

(1)

Self-Managed Systems

281

(1)

Interoperability -- Standards, Protocols

281

(2)

Dealing with Complexity

283

(1)

Social and Mindset Challenges

284

(7)

Self-Organization and the Centralized Mindset

284

(2)

Concerns of IT Managers

286

(1)

Creation of Online Communities

287

(1)

Trust Between Remote Users

287

(1)

Trust and Reputation

288

(1)

Protection from Undesirable Content

289

(1)

How to Create the ``P2P Groundswell''

289

(1)

About Business Models

290

(1)

Looking Ahead

291

(6)

Industry Initiatives and Research

292

(2)

Outlook

294

(3)

References

297

(8)

Glossary

305

(24)

Index

329

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Summary

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