Of the People A History of the United States, Volume II: Since 1865

Of the People: A History of the United States, Fourth Edition, does more than tell the history of America--of its people and places, of its dealings and ideals. It also unfolds the story of American democracy, carefully marking how this country's evolution has been anything but certain, from its complex beginnings to its modern challenges. This comprehensive survey focuses on the social and political lives of people--some famous, some ordinary--revealing the compelling story of America's democracy from an individual perspective, from across the landscapes of diverse communities, and ultimately from within the larger context of the world.

Michael McGerr is Paul V. McNutt Professor of History at Indiana University-Bloomington.

Jan Ellen Lewis is Professor of History and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark.

James Oakes is Distinguished Professor of History and Graduate School Humanities Professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center.

Nick Cullather is Professor of History and International Studies at Indiana University-Bloomington.

Jeanne Boydston was Robinson-Edwards Professor of American History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Mark Summers is Thomas D. Clark Professor of History at the University of Kentucky.

Camilla Townsend is Professor of History at Rutgers University.

Karen M. Dunak is Associate Professor of History at Muskingum University.

Maps
Features
Preface
New to the Fourth Edition
Hallmark Features
Supplements
Acknowledgments
About the Authors

Chapter 15: Reconstructing a Nation, 1865-1877
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: John Dennett Visits a Freedmen's Bureau Court
Wartime Reconstruction
Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan Versus the Wade-Davis Bill
The Meaning of Freedom
Experiments with Free Labor
Presidential Reconstruction, 1865-1867
The Political Economy of Contract Labor
Resistance to Presidential Reconstruction
Congress Clashes with the President
Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment
Congressional Reconstruction
The South Remade
The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson
Radical Reconstruction in the South
Achievements and Failures of Radical Government
The Political Economy of Sharecropping
The Gospel of Prosperity
A Counterrevolution of Terrorism and Economic Pressure
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: Reconstructing America's Foreign Policy
A Reconstructed West
The Overland Trail
The Origins of Indian Reservations
The Destruction of Indian Subsistence
The Retreat from Republican Radicalism
Republicans Become the Party of Moderation
Reconstructing the North
The Fifteenth Amendment and Nationwide African American Suffrage
Women and Suffrage
The End of Reconstruction
Corruption Is the Fashion
Liberal Republicans Revolt
"Redeeming" the South
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: An Incident at Coushatta, August 1874
The Twice-Stolen Election of 1876
Sharecropping Becomes Wage Labor
Conclusion

Chapter 16: The Triumph of Industrial Capitalism, 1850-1890
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Rosa Cassettari
The Political Economy of Global Capitalism
The "Great Depression" of the Late Nineteenth Century
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: The Global Migration of Labor
The Economic Transformation of the West
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: Mining Camps in the West
Cattlemen: From Drovers to Ranchers
Commercial Farmers Remake the Plains
Changes in the Land
America Moves to the City
The Rise of Big Business
The Rise of Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie Dominates the Steel Industry
Big Business Consolidates
A New Social Order
Lifestyles of the Very Rich
The Consolidation of the New Middle Class
The Industrial Working Class Comes of Age
Social Darwinism and the Growth of Scientific Racism
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: "The Chinese Must Go"
The Knights of Labor and the Haymarket Disaster
Conclusion

Chapter 17: The Culture and Politics of Industrial America, 1870-1892
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Luna Kellie and the Farmers' Alliance
The Elusive Boundaries of Male and Female
The Victorian Construction of Male and Female
The Victorian Crusade for Morality
Urban Culture
A New Cultural Order: New Americans Stir Old Fears
Josiah Strong Attacks Immigration
From Immigrants to Ethnic Americans
The Catholic Church and Its Limits in Immigrant Culture
Immigrant Cultures
The Enemy at the Gates
Two Political Styles
The Triumph of Party Politics
Masculine Partisanship and Feminine Voluntarism
The Women's Christian Temperance Union
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The "Crusade" Against Alcohol
The Critics of Popular Politics
Economic Issues Dominate National Politics
Greenbacks and Greenbackers
Weak Presidents Oversee a Stronger Federal Government
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: Foreign Policy: The Limited Significance of Commercial Expansion
Government Activism and Its Limits
States Discover Activism
Cities: Boss Rule and New Responsibilities
CHALLENGING THE NEW INDUSTRIAL ORDER
Henry George and the Limits of Producers' Ideology
Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Clubs
Agrarian Revolt
The Rise of the Populists
Conclusion

Chapter 18: Industry and Empire, 1890-1900
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: J. P. Morgan
The Crisis of the 1890s
Hard Times and Demands for Help
The Overseas Frontier
The Drive for Efficiency
The Struggle Between Management and Labor
Corporate Consolidation
A Modern Economy
Currency: Gold versus Silver
The Cross of Gold
The Battle of the Standards
The Retreat from Politics
The Lure of the Cities
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: Galveston, Texas, 1900
Inventing Jim Crow
The Atlanta Compromise
Disfranchisement and the Decline of Popular Politics
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Wilmington Race Riot
Organized Labor Retreats from Politics
American Diplomacy Enters the Modern World
Sea Power and the Imperial Urge
The Scramble for Empire
War with Spain
The Anti-Imperialists
The Philippine-American War
The Open Door
Conclusion

Chapter 19: A United Body of Action, 1900-1916
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Helen Keller
Toward a New Politics
The Insecurity of Modern Life
The Decline of Partisan Politics
Social Housekeeping
Evolution or Revolution?
The Progressives
Social Workers and Muckrakers
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: Public Response to The Jungle
Dictatorship of the Experts
Progressives on the Color Line
Progressives in State and Local Politics
Redesigning the City
Reform Mayors and City Services
Progressives and the States
A Push for "Genuine Democracy" and a "Moral Awakening"
The Executive Branch Against the Trusts
The Square Deal
Conserving Water, Land, and Forests
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: The Hetch Hetchy Valley
TR and Big Stick Diplomacy
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
Rival Visions of the Industrial Future
The New Nationalism
The 1912 Election
The New Freedom
Conclusion

Chapter 20: A Global Power, 1914-1919
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Walter Lippmann
The Challenge of Revolution
The Mexican Revolution
Bringing Order to the Caribbean
A One-Sided Neutrality
The Lusitania's Last Voyage
The Drift to War
The Election of 1916
The Last Attempts at Peace
War Aims
The Fight in Congress
Mobilizing the Nation and the Economy
Enforcing Patriotism
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: Eugene Debs Speaks Out Against the War
Regimenting the Economy
The Great Migration
Reforms Become "War Measures"
Over There
Citizens into Soldiers
The Fourteen Points
The Final Offensive
Revolutionary Anxieties
Wilson in Paris
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: The American Red Cross and Wartime Civilian Aid
The Senate Rejects the League
Red Scare
Conclusion

Chapter 21: The Modern Nation, 1919-1928
AMERICA PORTRAIT: "America's Sweetheart"
A Dynamic Economy
The Development of Industry
The Trend Toward Large-Scale Organization
The Transformation of Work and the Workforce
The Defeat of Organized Labor
The Decline of Agriculture
The Urban Nation
A Modern Culture
The Spread of Consumerism
New Pleasures for a Mass Audience
A Sexual Revolution
Changing Gender Ideals
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: Flappers and Feminists
The Family and Youth
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: "Flaming Youth" on Campus
The Celebration of the Individual
The Limits of the Modern Culture
The Limits of Prosperity
The "Lost Generation" of Intellectuals
Fundamentalist Christians and "Old-Time Religion"
Nativists and Immigration Restriction
The Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan
Mexican Americans
African Americans and the "New Negro"
A "New Era" in Politics and Government
The Modern Political System
The Republican Ascendancy
The Politics of Individualism
Republican Foreign Policy
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: J. Walter Thompson and International Markets
Extending the "New Era"
Conclusion

Chapter 22: A Great Depression and a New Deal, 1929-1940
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Dorothea Lange
The Great Depression
Causes
Descending into Depression
Hoover Responds
The First New Deal
The Election of 1932
FDR Takes Command
Federal Relief
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Civilian Conservation Corps and a New Brand of Environmentalism
The Farm Crisis
The Blue Eagle
The Second New Deal
Critics Attack from All Sides
The Second Hundred Days
Social Security for Some
Labor and the New Deal
The New Deal Coalition
Crisis of the New Deal
Conservatives Counterattack
The Liberal Crisis of Confidence
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: The 1936 Olympics
Conclusion

Chapter 23: The Second World War, 1941-1945
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: A. Philip Randolph
Island in a Totalitarian Sea
A World of Hostile Blocs
The Good Neighbor America First?
Means Short of War
Turning the Tide
Midway and Coral Sea
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: Carrier
Gone with the Draft
The Winning Weapons
The Second Front
Organizing for Production
A Mixed Economy
Industry Moves South and West
New Jobs in New Places
Women in Industry
Between Idealism and Fear
Japanese Internment
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Zoot Suit Riots
No Shelter from the Holocaust
Closing with the Enemy
Taking the War to Europe
Island Hopping in the Pacific
Building a New World
The Fruits of Victory
Conclusion

Chapter 24: The Cold War, 1945-1954
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: John Turchinetz
Origins of the Cold War
Ideological Competition
Uneasy Allies
From Allies to Enemies
National Security
The Truman Doctrine
Containment
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: The Nevada Test Site
Taking Risks
Global Revolutions
Korea
NSC-68
The Reconversion of American Society
The Postwar Economy
The Challenge of Organized Labor
Opportunities for Women
Civil Rights for African Americans
The Frustrations of Liberalism
The Democrats' Troubles
Truman's Comeback
Fighting the Cold War at Home
Doubts and Fears in the Atomic Age
The Anti-Communist Crusade
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Hollywood Ten
The Hunt for Spies
The Rise of McCarthyism
Conclusion

Chapter 25: The Consumer Society, 1945-1961
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: The Ricardos
Living the Good Life
Economic Prosperity
The Suburban Dream
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: Eisenhower's Interstate Highway System
The Pursuit of Pleasure
A Homogeneous Society?
The Discovery of Conformity
The Decline of Class and Ethnicity
The Resurgence of Religion and Family
Maintaining Gender Roles
Persisting Racial Differences
The Survival of Diversity
The Eisenhower Era at Home and Abroad
"Ike" and 1950s America
Modern Republicanism
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: "The Fantastic, Real-Life, Dream-Come-True Adventure of the Barstow Family of Wethersfield, Connecticut"
An Aggressive Cold War Strategy
Avoiding War with the Communist Powers
Crises in the Third World
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: American Tourists in Cold War Europe
Challenges to the Consumer Society
Rebellious Youth
The Beat Movement
The Rebirth of Environmentalism
The Struggle for Civil Rights
The Crisis of "Misplaced Power"
Conclusion

Chapter 26: "The Table of Democracy," 1960-1968
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: The A&T Four
New Approaches to Power
Grassroots Activism for Civil Rights
The New Liberalism
The New Conservatism
The New Left
The Presidential Election of 1960
The New Frontier
Style and Substance
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: "Spaceport USA"
Civil Rights
Flexible Response and the Third World
Two Confrontations with the Soviets
Kennedy and Vietnam
The Great Society
Lyndon Johnson's Mandate
"Success Without Squalor"
Preserving Personal Freedom
The Death of Jim Crow
The American War in Vietnam
Johnson's Decision for War
Fighting a Limited War
The War at Home
The Great Society Comes Apart
The Emergence of Black Power
The Youth Rebellion
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: Protest in the Schools
The Rebirth of the Women's Movement
Conservative Backlash
1968: A Tumultuous Year
Conclusion

Chapter 27: Living with Less, 1968-1980
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: "Fighting Shirley Chisholm"
A New Crisis: Economic Decline
Weakness at Home
The Energy Crisis
Competition Abroad
The Multinationals
The Impact of Decline
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: The South Bronx
Confronting Decline: Nixon's Strategy
A New Foreign Policy
Ending the Vietnam War
Chile and the Middle East
Taming Big Government
An Uncertain Economic Policy
Refusing to Settle for Less: Struggles for Rights
African Americans' Struggle for Racial Justice
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: "ROAR"!
Women's Liberation
Mexican Americans and "Brown Power"
Asian American Activism
The Struggle for Native American Rights
Gay Power
Backlash: From Radical Action to Conservative Reaction
"The Movement" and the "Me Decade"
The Plight of the White Ethnics
The Republican Counterattack
Political Crisis: Three Troubled Presidencies
Watergate: The Fall of Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford and a Skeptical Nation
"Why Not the Best?": Jimmy Carter
Conclusion

Chapter 28: The Triumph of Conservatism, 1980-1991
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Linda Chavez
Creating a Conservative Majority
The New Economy
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: Silicon Valley
The Rehabilitation of Business
The Rise of the Religious Right
The 1980 Presidential Election
The Reagan Revolution at Home
The Reagan Style
Shrinking Government
Reaganomics
The 1984 Presidential Election
The Reagan Revolution Abroad
Restoring American Power
Confronting the "Evil Empire"
The Reagan Doctrine in the Third World
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: The Ethiopian Famine
The Middle East and Terrorism
The United States and the World Economy
The Battle over Conservative Social Values
Attacking the Legacy of the 1960s
Women's Rights and Abortion
Gays and the AIDS Crisis
African Americans and Racial Inequality
"The Decade of the Hispanic"
From Scandal to Triumph
Business and Religious Scandals
Political Scandals
Setbacks for the Conservative Agenda
A Vulnerable Economy
Reagan's Comeback
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: Reagan at the Berlin Wall
Conclusion

Chapter 29: The Globalized Nation, 1989-2001
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: James Sharlow
The Age of Globalization
The Cold War and Globalization
New Communications Technologies
Multinationals and NGOs
Expanding Trade
Moving People
AMERICA AND THE WORLD: Titanic and the Globalization of Hollywood
Contesting Globalization
A New Economy
From Industry to Information
A Second Economic Revolution?
Downsizing America
Boom and Insecurity
Democratic Deadlock
George H. W. Bush and the End of the Reagan Revolution
The Rebellion Against Politics as Usual
Clinton's Compromise with Conservatism
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: "Temporarily Closed," 1995-1996
Domestic Dissent and Terrorism
Scandal
The Presidential Election of 2000
Culture Wars
African Americans in the Post-Civil Rights Era
"Family Values"
Multiculturalism
Women in the Postfeminist Era
Contesting Gay and Lesbian Rights
Redefining Foreign Policy in the Global Age
The New World Order
The Persian Gulf War
Retreating from the New World Order
A New Threat
Conclusion

Chapter 30: "A Nation Transformed," The Twenty-First Century
AMERICAN PORTRAIT: Lt. Craig Mullaney
Twin Crises
Bush 43
9/11
The Global War on Terror
The Iraq War
Iraq and Afghanistan in Turmoil
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE: "Gitmo"
Financial Crisis
Obama and the Promise of Change
The Presidential Election of 2008
Confronting Economic Crisis
Ending the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
The Politics of Frustration
A Second Term
Climate Change
Unending War?
Diversity and Division
A Diverse Society of Color
Tolerance and Intolerance
LGBTQ Rights
Shifting Religious Beliefs and Practices
Economic Change and a Divided Nation
Jobs and Growth
The Rich, the Poor, and the Middle Class
Women and Men
Baby Boomers and Millennials
Urban and Rural
Democracy Under Stress
Money and Politics
Polarized Politics
Four Political Approaches
The Presidential Election of 2016
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY: The Russian Attack on Democracy
"Make America Great Again"
Conclusion

APPENDICES
Appendix A: Historical Documents
The Declaration of Independence
The Constitution of the United States of America
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
Appendix B: Historical Facts and Data
US Presidents and Vice Presidents
Admission of States into the Union

Glossary
Photo Credits
Index