The Performance Complex Competition and Competitions in Social Life

Chapter 1 from this book is published open access and free to read or download from Oxford Academic

What's valuable?

Market competition provides one kind of answer. Competitions offer another. On one side, competition is an ongoing and seemingly endless process of pricings; on the other, competitions are discrete and bounded in time and location, with entry rules, judges, scores, and prizes. This book examines what happens when ever more activities in domains of everyday life are evaluated and experienced in terms of performance metrics.

Unlike organized competitions, such systems are ceaseless and without formal entry. Instead of producing resolutions, their scorings create addictions. To understand these developments, this book explores discrete contests (architectural competitions, international music competitions, and world press photo competitions); shows how the continuous updating of rankings is both a device for navigating the social world and an engine of anxiety; and examines the production of such anxiety in settings ranging from the pedagogy of performance in business schools to struggling musicians coping with new performance metrics in online platforms. In the performance society, networks of observation - in which all are performing and keeping score - are entangled with a system of emotionally charged preoccupations with one's positioning within the rankings. From the bedroom to the boardroom, pharmaceutical companies and management consultants promise enhanced performance. This assemblage of metrics, networks, and their attendant emotional pathologies is herein regarded as the performance complex.

David Stark, Arthur Lehman Professor of Sociology and Director, Center on Organizational Innovation, Columbia University

David Stark is Arthur Lehman Professor of Sociology at Columbia University where he directs the Center on Organizational Innovation. He is also Professor of Social Science at the University of Warwick. His book The Sense of Dissonance: Accounts of Worth in Economic Life (2009) studies how organizations and their members search for what's valuable. Stark's current research is supported by a five-year Advanced Grant from the European Research Council for a project on "Diversity and Performance: Networks of Cognition in Markets and Teams."

1. The Performance Complex: An Introduction, David Stark
Part I. Performance as Competition, Competitions as Performances
2. Pick the Winner, So You Can Then Choose the Reasons: Epistemic Dissonance in Architectural Competitions, Kristian Kreiner
3. Competition and Consecration in the World Press Photo Awards, Marco Solaroli
4. Competitions as Complex Performances, Lisa McCormick
Part II. Rating performances: Where Do I Stand in the Rankings?
5. Formalized Evaluation: The Work That Rankings Do, Wendy Espeland
6. What's Observed in a Rating?: Rankings as Orientation in the Face of Uncertainty, Elena Esposito and David Stark
7. Crowdsourcing Before the Smartphone: The Zagat Survey's Quantification of Everyday Life in 1980s New York, Will Payne
8. Weathering Winner-Take-All. How Rankings Brutally Constitute Competition on Webcam Sex Platforms, and What Performers Can Do About It, Olav Velthuis and Niels van Doorn
Part III. Performances of Value in Everyday Life
9. Post-Liberal Competitions?: Pragmatics of Gamification and Weaponisation, William Davies
10. What are Digital Reputation Measures Worth?, Dominique Cardon
11. Merit, Morality, and Market: The Chinese Social Credit Experiment, Jonathan Bach
12. Performing Numbers: Musicians and their Metrics, Robert Prey
13. Business Education and Anxiety in the Performance of Value, Fabian Muniesa