Perl Cookbook

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ISBN: 9780596003135 | 0596003137
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/1/2003

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Perl Cookbook, 2nd Edition is a comprehensive collection of problems, solutions, and practical examples for anyone programming in Perl. The book contains hundreds of rigorously reviewed Perl "recipes" for manipulating strings, numbers, dates, arrays, and hashes; pattern matching and text substitutions; references, data structures, objects, and classes; signals and exceptions; and much more. In the second edition of this classic book, the authors have revisited the topic areas to add and revise many recipes, and they have also written new chapters to cover emerging topics such as XML processing and embedding programs with the Inline module.

Foreword

xix

Preface

xxi

1. Strings

(58)

1.1 Accessing Substrings

(3)

1.2 Establishing a Default Value

(2)

1.3 Exchanging Values Without Using Temporary Variables

(1)

1.4 Converting Between Characters and Values

(2)

1.5 Using Named Unicode Characters

(2)

1.6 Processing a String One Character at a Time

(2)

1.7 Reversing a String by Word or Character

(2)

1.8 Treating Unicode Combined Characters as Single Characters

(1)

1.9 Canonicalizing Strings with Unicode Combined Characters

(2)

1.10 Treating a Unicode String as Octets

(1)

1.11 Expanding and Compressing Tabs

(2)

1.12 Expanding Variables in User Input

(2)

1.13 Controlling Case

(2)

1.14 Properly Capitalizing a Title or Headline

(2)

1.15 Interpolating Functions and Expressions Within Strings

(2)

1.16 Indenting Here Documents

(4)

1.17 Reformatting Paragraphs

(2)

1.18 Escaping Characters

(2)

1.19 Trimming Blanks from the Ends of a String

(1)

1.20 Parsing Comma-Separated Data

(4)

1.21 Constant Variables

(2)

1.22 Soundex Matching

(2)

1.23 Program: fixstyle

(3)

1.24 Program: psgrep

(4)

2. Numbers

(31)

2.1 Checking Whether a String Is a Valid Number

(3)

2.2 Rounding Floating-Point Numbers

(4)

2.3 Comparing Floating-Point Numbers

(1)

2.4 Operating on a Series of Integers

(2)

2.5 Working with Roman Numerals

(1)

2.6 Generating Random Numbers

(1)

2.7 Generating Repeatable Random Number Sequences

(1)

2.8 Making Numbers Even More Random

(1)

2.9 Generating Biased Random Numbers

(2)

2.10 Doing Trigonometry in Degrees, Not Radians

(1)

2.11 Calculating More Trigonometric Functions

(1)

2.12 Taking Logarithms

(2)

2.13 Multiplying Matrices

(2)

2.14 Using Complex Numbers

(1)

2.15 Converting Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers

(1)

2.16 Putting Commas in Numbers

(1)

2.17 Printing Correct Plurals

(2)

2.18 Program: Calculating Prime Factors

(3)

3. Dates and Times

(20)

3.1 Finding Today's Date

(2)

3.2 Converting DMYHMS to Epoch Seconds

(1)

3.3 Converting Epoch Seconds to DMYHMS

(1)

3.4 Adding to or Subtracting from a Date

(1)

3.5 Difference of Two Dates

(2)

3.6 Day in a Week/Month/Year or Week Number

(1)

3.7 Parsing Dates and Times from Strings

100

(1)

3.8 Printing a Date

101

(2)

3.9 High-Resolution Timers

103

(2)

3.10 Short Sleeps

105

(1)

3.11 Program: hopdelta

106

(4)

4. Arrays

110

(40)

4.1 Specifying a List in Your Program

111

(2)

4.2 Printing a List with Commas

113

(2)

4.3 Changing Array Size

115

(2)

4.4 Implementing a Sparse Array

117

(2)

4.5 Iterating Over an Array

119

(3)

4.6 Iterating Over an Array by Reference

122

(2)

4.7 Extracting Unique Elements from a List

124

(2)

4.8 Finding Elements in One Array but Not Another

126

(2)

4.9 Computing Union, Intersection, or Difference of Unique Lists

128

(2)

4.10 Appending One Array to Another

130

(1)

4.11 Reversing an Array

131

(1)

4.12 Processing Multiple Elements of an Array

132

(2)

4.13 Finding the First List Element That Passes a Test

134

(2)

4.14 Finding All Elements in an Array Matching Certain Criteria

136

(2)

4.15 Sorting an Array Numerically

138

(1)

4.16 Sorting a List by Computable Field

139

(4)

4.17 Implementing a Circular List

143

(1)

4.18 Randomizing an Array

144

(1)

4.19 Program: words

144

(2)

4.20 Program: permute

146

(4)

5. Hashes

150

(29)

5.1 Adding an Element to a Hash

152

(1)

5.2 Testing for the Presence of a Key in a Hash

153

(2)

5.3 Creating a Hash with Immutable Keys or Values

155

(1)

5.4 Deleting from a Hash

156

(1)

5.5 Traversing a Hash

157

(3)

5.6 Printing a Hash

160

(1)

5.7 Retrieving from a Hash in Insertion Order

161

(1)

5.8 Hashes with Multiple Values per Key

162

(2)

5.9 Inverting a Hash

164

(2)

5.10 Sorting a Hash

166

(1)

5.11 Merging Hashes

167

(2)

5.12 Finding Common or Different Keys in Two Hashes

169

(1)

5.13 Hashing References

170

(1)

5.14 Presizing a Hash

171

(1)

5.15 Finding the Most Common Anything

172

(1)

5.16 Representing Relationships Between Data

173

(1)

5.17 Program: dutree

174

(5)

6. Pattern Matching

179

(60)

6.1 Copying and Substituting Simultaneously

185

(1)

6.2 Matching Letters

186

(2)

6.3 Matching Words

188

(1)

6.4 Commenting Regular Expressions

189

(3)

6.5 Finding the Nth Occurrence of a Match

192

(3)

6.6 Matching Within Multiple Lines

195

(3)

6.7 Reading Records with a Separator

198

(1)

6.8 Extracting a Range of Lines

199

(3)

6.9 Matching Shell Globs as Regular Expressions

202

(1)

6.10 Speeding Up Interpolated Matches

203

(2)

6.11 Testing for a Valid Pattern

205

(2)

6.12 Honoring Locale Settings in Regular Expressions

207

(2)

6.13 Approximate Matching

209

(1)

6.14 Matching from Where the Last Pattern Left Off

210

(2)

6.15 Greedy and Non-Greedy Matches

212

(3)

6.16 Detecting Doubled Words

215

(3)

6.17 Matching Nested Patterns

218

(2)

6.18 Expressing AND, OR, and NOT in a Single Pattern

220

(4)

6.19 Matching a Valid Mail Address

224

(2)

6.20 Matching Abbreviations

226

(2)

6.21 Program: urlify

228

(1)

6.22 Program: tcgrep

229

(6)

6.23 Regular Expression Grab Bag

235

(4)

7. File Access

239

(61)

7.1 Opening a File

247

(4)

7.2 Opening Files with Unusual Filenames

251

(2)

7.3 Expanding Tildes in Filenames

253

(1)

7.4 Making Perl Report Filenames in Error Messages

254

(1)

7.5 Storing Filehandles into Variables

255

(3)

7.6 Writing a Subroutine That Takes Filehandles as Built-ins Do

258

(1)

7.7 Caching Open Output Filehandles

259

(1)

7.8 Printing to Many Filehandles Simultaneously

260

(2)

7.9 Opening and Closing File Descriptors by Number

262

(1)

7.10 Copying Filehandles

263

(2)

7.11 Creating Temporary Files

265

(1)

7.12 Storing a File Inside Your Program Text

266

(2)

7.13 Storing Multiple Files in the DATA Area

268

(2)

7.14 Writing a Unix-Style Filter Program

270

(4)

7.15 Modifying a File in Place with a Temporary File

274

(2)

7.16 Modifying a File in Place with the -i Switch

276

(1)

7.17 Modifying a File in Place Without a Temporary File

277

(2)

7.18 Locking a File

279

(2)

7.19 Flushing Output

281

(3)

7.20 Doing Non-Blocking I/O

284

(1)

7.21 Determining the Number of Unread Bytes

285

(2)

7.22 Reading from Many Filehandles Without Blocking

287

(2)

7.23 Reading an Entire Line Without Blocking

289

(2)

7.24 Program: netlock

291

(3)

7.25 Program: lockarea

294

(6)

8. File Contents

300

(46)

8.1 Reading Lines with Continuation Characters

306

(1)

8.2 Counting Lines (or Paragraphs or Records) in a File

307

(2)

8.3 Processing Every Word in a File

309

(1)

8.4 Reading a File Backward by Line or Paragraph

310

(2)

8.5 Trailing a Growing File

312

(2)

8.6 Picking a Random Line from a File

314

(1)

8.7 Randomizing All Lines

315

(1)

8.8 Reading a Particular Line in a File

316

(2)

8.9 Processing Variable-Length Text Fields

318

(1)

8.10 Removing the Last Line of a File

319

(1)

8.11 Processing Binary Files

320

(1)

8.12 Using Random-Access I/O

321

(1)

8.13 Updating a Random-Access File

322

(2)

8.14 Reading a String from a Binary File

324

(1)

8.15 Reading Fixed-Length Records

325

(1)

8.16 Reading Configuration Files

326

(3)

8.17 Testing a File for Trustworthiness

329

(2)

8.18 Treating a File as an Array

331

(2)

8.19 Setting the Default I/O Layers

333

(1)

8.20 Reading or Writing Unicode from a Filehandle

333

(3)

8.21 Converting Microsoft Text Files into Unicode

336

(2)

8.22 Comparing the Contents of Two Files

338

(1)

8.23 Pretending a String Is a File

339

(1)

8.24 Program: tailwtmp

340

(1)

8.25 Program: tctee

341

(1)

8.26 Program: laston

342

(1)

8.27 Program: Flat File Indexes

343

(3)

9. Directories

346

(27)

9.1 Getting and Setting Timestamps

351

(2)

9.2 Deleting a File

353

(1)

9.3 Copying or Moving a File

354

(1)

9.4 Recognizing Two Names for the Same File

355

(1)

9.5 Processing All Files in a Directory

356

(2)

9.6 Globbing, or Getting a List of Filenames Matching a Pattern

358

(1)

9.7 Processing All Files in a Directory Recursively

359

(3)

9.8 Removing a Directory and Its Contents

362

(1)

9.9 Renaming Files

363

(2)

9.10 Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts

365

(2)

9.11 Working with Symbolic File Permissions Instead of Octal Values

367

(2)

9.12 Program: symirror

369

(1)

9.13 Program: 1st

370

(3)

10. Subroutines

373

(34)

10.1 Accessing Subroutine Arguments

374

(2)

10.2 Making Variables Private to a Function

376

(2)

10.3 Creating Persistent Private Variables

378

(1)

10.4 Determining Current Function Name

379

(2)

10.5 Passing Arrays and Hashes by Reference

381

(1)

10.6 Detecting Return Context

382

(1)

10.7 Passing by Named Parameter

383

(2)

10.8 Skipping Selected Return Values

385

(1)

10.9 Returning More Than One Array or Hash

386

(1)

10.10 Returning Failure

387

(1)

10.11 Prototyping Functions

388

(3)

10.12 Handling Exceptions

391

(2)

10.13 Saving Global Values

393

(4)

10.14 Redefining a Function

397

(2)

10.15 Trapping Undefined Function Calls with AUTOLORD

399

(1)

10.16 Nesting Subroutines

400

(1)

10.17 Writing a Switch Statement

401

(3)

10.18 Program: Sorting Your Mail

404

(3)

11. References and Records

407

(37)

11.1 Taking References to Arrays

413

(2)

11.2 Making Hashes of Arrays

415

(1)

11.3 Taking References to Hashes

416

(1)

11.4 Taking References to Functions

417

(3)

11.5 Taking References to Scalars

420

(1)

11.6 Creating Arrays of Scalar References

421

(2)

11.7 Using Closures Instead of Objects

423

(1)

11.8 Creating References to Methods

424

(1)

11.9 Constructing Records

425

(3)

11.10 Reading and Writing Hash Records to Text Files

428

(1)

11.11 Printing Data Structures

429

(2)

11.12 Copying Data Structures

431

(1)

11.13 Storing Data Structures to Disk

432

(2)

11.14 Transparently Persistent Data Structures

434

(1)

11.15 Coping with Circular Data Structures Using Weak References

435

(3)

11.16 Program: Outlines

438

(3)

11.17 Program: Binary Trees

441

(3)

12. Packages, Libraries, and Modules

444

(54)

12.1 Defining a Module's Interface

449

(2)

12.2 Trapping Errors in require or use

451

(2)

12.3 Delaying use Until Runtime

453

(2)

12.4 Making Variables Private to a Module

455

(2)

12.5 Making Functions Private to a Module

457

(2)

12.6 Determining the Caller's Package

459

(2)

12.7 Automating Module Cleanup

461

(2)

12.8 Keeping Your Own Module Directory

463

(2)

12.9 Preparing a Module for Distribution

465

(2)

12.10 Speeding Module Loading with SelfLoader

467

(1)

12.11 Speeding Up Module Loading with Autoloader

468

(1)

12.12 Overriding Built-in Functions

469

(2)

12.13 Overriding a Built-in Function in All Packages

471

(2)

12.14 Reporting Errors and Warnings Like Built-ins

473

(2)

12.15 Customizing Warnings

475

(4)

12.16 Referring to Packages Indirectly

479

(1)

12.17 Using h2ph to Translate C #include Files

480

(3)

12.18 Using h2xs to Make a Module with C Code

483

(3)

12.19 Writing Extensions in C with Inline: C

486

(1)

12.20 Documenting Your Module with Pod

487

(2)

12.21 Building and Installing a CPALA Module

489

(3)

12.22 Example: Module Template

492

(1)

12.23 Program: Finding Versions and Descriptions of Installed Modules

493

(5)

13. Classes, Objects, and Ties

498

(50)

13.1 Constructing an Object

506

(2)

13.2 Destroying an Object

508

(2)

13.3 Managing Instance Data

510

(3)

13.4 Managing Class Data

513

(2)

13.5 Using Classes as Structs

515

(4)

13.6 Cloning Constructors

519

(1)

13.7 Copy Constructors

520

(2)

13.8 Invoking Methods Indirectly

522

(2)

13.9 Determining Subclass Membership

524

(1)

13.10 Writing an Inheritable Class

525

(2)

13.11 Accessing Overridden Methods

527

(2)

13.12 Generating Attribute Methods Using AUTOLOAD

529

(3)

13.13 Coping with Circular Data Structures Using Objects

532

(3)

13.14 Overloading Operators

535

(5)

13.15 Creating Magic Variables with tie

540

(8)

14. Database Access

548

(35)

14.1 Making and Using a DBM File

550

(2)

14.2 Emptying a DBM File

552

(1)

14.3 Converting Between DBM Files

553

(2)

14.4 Merging DBM Files

555

(1)

14.5 Sorting Large DBM Files

556

(2)

14.6 Storing Complex Data in a DBM File

558

(1)

14.7 Persistent Data

559

(2)

14.8 Saving Query Results to Excel or CSV

561

(1)

14.9 Executing an SQL Command Using DBI

562

(3)

14.10 Escaping Quotes

565

(1)

14.11 Dealing with Database Errors

566

(2)

14.12 Repeating Queries Efficiently

568

(2)

14.13 Building Queries Programmatically

570

(1)

14.14 Finding the Number of Rows Returned by a Query

571

(1)

14.15 Using Transactions

572

(2)

14.16 Viewing Data One Page at a Time

574

(2)

14.17 Querying a CSV File with SQL

576

(1)

14.18 Using SQL Without a Database Server

577

(2)

14.19 Program: ggh-Grep Netscape Global History

579

(4)

15. Interactivity

583

(39)

15.1 Parsing Program Arguments

585

(2)

15.2 Testing Whether a Program Is Running Interactively

587

(1)

15.3 Clearing the Screen

588

(1)

15.4 Determining Terminal or Window Size

589

(1)

15.5 Changing Text Color

590

(2)

15.6 Reading Single Characters from the Keyboard

592

(1)

15.7 Ringing the Terminal Bell

593

(2)

15.8 Using POSIX termios

595

(2)

15.9 Checking for Waiting Input

597

(1)

15.10 Reading Passwords

597

(2)

15.11 Editing Input

599

(1)

15.12 Managing the Screen

600

(3)

15.13 Controlling Another Program with Expect

603

(2)

15.14 Creating Menus with Tk

605

(2)

15.15 Creating Dialog Boxes with Tk

607

(3)

15.16 Responding to Tk Resize Events

610

(2)

15.17 Removing the DOS Shell Window with Windows Perl/Tk

612

(1)

15.18 Graphing Data

613

(1)

15.19 Thumbnailing Images

614

(1)

15.20 Adding Text to an Image

615

(1)

15.21 Program: Small termcap Program

616

(2)

15.22 Program: tkshufflepod

618

(2)

15.23 Program: graphbox

620

(2)

16. Process Management and Communication

622

(50)

16.1 Gathering Output from a Program

625

(1)

16.2 Running Another Program

626

(3)

16.3 Replacing the Current Program with a Different One

629

(1)

16.4 Reading or Writing to Another Program

630

(2)

16.5 Filtering Your Own Output

632

(2)

16.6 Preprocessing Input

634

(1)

16.7 Reading STDERR from a Program

635

(3)

16.8 Controlling Input and Output of Another Program

638

(1)

16.9 Controlling the Input, Output, and Error of Another Program

639

(2)

16.10 Communicating Between Related Processes

641

(6)

16.11 Making a Process Look Like a File with Named Pipes

647

(3)

16.12 Sharing Variables in Different Processes

650

(2)

16.13 Listing Available Signals

652

(1)

16.14 Sending a Signal

653

(1)

16.15 Installing a Signal Handler

654

(1)

16.16 Temporarily Overriding a Signal Handler

655

(1)

16.17 Writing a Signal Handler

656

(3)

16.18 Catching Ctrl-C

659

(1)

16.19 Avoiding Zombie Processes

660

(3)

16.20 Blocking Signals

663

(1)

16.21 Timing Out an Operation

664

(1)

16.22 Turning Signals into Fatal Errors

665

(1)

16.23 Program: sigrand

666

(6)

17. Sockets

672

(47)

17.1 Writing a TCP Client

674

(2)

17.2 Writing a TCP Server

676

(3)

17.3 Communicating over TCP

679

(3)

17.4 Setting Up a UDP Client

682

(2)

17.5 Setting Up a UDP Server

684

(2)

17.6 Using Unix Domain Sockets

686

(2)

17.7 Identifying the Other End of a Socket

688

(1)

17.8 Finding Your Own Name and Address

689

(1)

17.9 Closing a Socket After Forking

690

(2)

17.10 Writing Bidirectional Clients

692

(2)

17.11 Forking Servers

694

(1)

17.12 Pre-Forking Servers

695

(3)

17.13 Non-Forking Servers

698

(3)

17.14 Multitasking Server with Threads

701

(2)

17.15 Writing a Multitasking Server with POE

703

(2)

17.16 Writing a Multihomed Server

705

(1)

17.17 Making a Daemon Server

706

(2)

17.18 Restarting a Server on Demand

708

(2)

17.19 Managing Multiple Streams of Input

710

(3)

17.20 Program: backsniff

713

(1)

17.21 Program: fwdport

714

(5)

18. Internet Services

719

(37)

18.1 Simple DNS Lookups

721

(3)

18.2 Being an FTP Client

724

(3)

18.3 Sending Mail

727

(3)

18.4 Reading and Posting Usenet News Messages

730

(2)

18.5 Reading Mail with POPS

732

(2)

18.6 Simulating Telnet from a Program

734

(2)

18.7 Pinging a Machine

736

(2)

18.8 Accessing an LDAP Server

738

(3)

18.9 Sending Attachments in Mail

741

(3)

18.10 Extracting Attachments from Mail

744

(2)

18.11 Writing an XML-RPC Server

746

(2)

18.12 Writing an XML-RPC Client

748

(1)

18.13 Writing a SOAP Server

749

(1)

18.14 Writing a SOAP Client

750

(1)

18.15 Program: rfrm

751

(2)

18.16 Program: exen and vrfy

753

(3)

19. CGI Programming

756

(36)

19.1 Writing a CGI Script

760

(2)

19.2 Redirecting Error Messages

762

(1)

19.3 Fixing a 500 Server Error

763

(4)

19.4 Writing a Safe CGI Program

767

(3)

19.5 Executing Commands Without Shell Escapes

770

(3)

19.6 Formatting Lists and Tables with HTML Shortcuts

773

(2)

19.7 Redirecting to a Different Location

775

(2)

19.8 Debugging the Raw HTTP Exchange

777

(2)

19.9 Managing Cookies

779

(2)

19.10 Creating Sticky Widgets

781

(2)

19.11 Writing a Multiscreen CGI Script

783

(2)

19.12 Saving a Form to a File or Mail Pipe

785

(2)

19.13 Program: chemiserie

787

(5)

20. Web Automation

792

(37)

20.1 Fetching a URL from a Perl Script

793

(3)

20.2 Automating Form Submission

796

(1)

20.3 Extracting URLs

797

(3)

20.4 Converting ASCII to HTML

800

(1)

20.5 Converting HTML to ASCII

801

(1)

20.6 Extracting or Removing HTML Tags

802

(2)

20.7 Finding Stale Links

804

(1)

20.8 Finding Fresh Links

805

(2)

20.9 Using Templates to Generate HTML

807

(3)

20.10 Mirroring Web Pages

810

(1)

20.11 Creating a Robot

811

(1)

20.12 Parsing a Web Server Log File

812

(1)

20.13 Processing Server Logs

813

(3)

20.14 Using Cookies

816

(1)

20.15 Fetching Password-Protected Pages

817

(1)

20.16 Fetching https:// Web Pages

818

(1)

20.17 Resuming an HTTP GET

819

(1)

20.18 Parsing HTML

820

(3)

20.19 Extracting Table Data

823

(2)

20.20 Program: htmlsub

825

(2)

20.21 Program: hrefsub

827

(2)

21. mod_perl

829

(34)

21.1 Authenticating

834

(1)

21.2 Setting Cookies

835

(2)

21.3 Accessing Cookie Values

837

(1)

21.4 Redirecting the Browser

838

(1)

21.5 Interrogating Headers

838

(1)

21.6 Accessing Form Parameters

839

(1)

21.7 Receiving Uploaded Files

840

(2)

21.8 Speeding Up Database Access

842

(1)

21.9 Customizing Apache's Logging

843

(2)

21.10 Transparently Storing Information in URLs

845

(1)

21.11 Communicating Between mod_perl and PHP

846

(1)

21.12 Migrating from CGI to mod_perl

847

(1)

21.13 Sharing Information Between Handlers

848

(1)

21.14 Reloading Changed Modules

849

(1)

21.15 Benchmarking a mod_perl Application

850

(2)

21.16 Templating with HTML:: Mason

852

(4)

21.17 Templating with Template Toolkit

856

(7)

22. XML

863

(34)

22.1 Parsing XML into Data Structures

871

(3)

22.2 Parsing XML into a DOM Tree

874

(2)

22.3 Parsing XML into SAX Events

876

(3)

22.4 Making Simple Changes to Elements or Text

879

(3)

22.5 Validating XML

882

(3)

22.6 Finding Elements and Text Within an XML Document

885

(2)

22.7 Processing XML Stylesheet Transformations

887

(3)

22.8 Processing Files Larger Than Available Memory

890

(1)

22.9 Reading and Writing RSS Files

891

(4)

22.10 Writing XML

895

(2)

Index

897

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Perl Cookbook

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials