Pharmaceutical Systems : Global Perspectives

The authors aim to provide readers with a comprehensive account of the global pharmaceutical systems and have written specifically with the needs of pharmacy students taking master's degrees in mind. The text is particularly suited to Pharmaceutical Care/Social Pharmacy programs.The first three chapters are intended to familiarize the reader with social science methods and models. The succeeding chapters describe different parts of the drug system. In general each of these chapters starts with an international overview and is followed by an analysis of the aims and functions of the component from the perspective of a nation.Until this book these subjects have not been brought together and as such this presents a unique understanding of global social pharmacy. This book is timely given that pharmacists are encouraged to broaden their day-to-day practice, so that they become more involved with advising clients, managing medicines and supporting the promotion of health. In the light of developments in the 'extended role' of pharmacists, students of pharmacy are required to understand the social context of health, illness and professional practice.

Preface
Introduction
Economic development
Systems analysis
Contextual Factors Which Influence a National Pharmaceutical System
The actors in the pharmaceutical systems
Health care professional groups
Drug producers
Drug control
Patients and their organizations
Evaluations
Deciding about the aim of the evaluation
The identification of the system and its goals
The identification of the evaluation dimensions and the decision on how to measure these dimensions
The collection of data
The summary of the results and the formulation of conclusions
Social constructionism and social representation theory
The actor-spectator paradox
The decision-making processes in the drug system
How attitudes and beliefs change - the balance model
Summary of the chapter
References
A historical perspective of drug research and diffusion
The period of folk medicine
The merchant period (1500 AD to the end of the eighteenth century)
The chemical period (the nineteenth century)
The animal testing period (from 1900 to the end of the 1930s)
The drug innovation period (from 1940 to 1964)
The post-Thalidomide period (1965 to present)
Future perspectives
Summary of the chapter
References
National drug policies
Efficient organization of drug support
Efficient organization of drug research
Efficient organization of drug production
Efficient organization of drug distribution
An efficient system for drug consumption
An efficient system of drug information
Choice of drugs with high therapeutic powers
Choice of drugs with few side effects
Low drug costs
How to develop and implement a national policy
Summary of the chapter
References
Planning the drug support
Patent and exclusivity policies
Trade name policy vs. generic name policy
Generic and therapeutic substitution
Generic prescribing
Drug registration
Drug reimbursement policies/national health insurance systems
The public and private drug sectors of developing countries
The primary health care policy
The essential drugs policy
Summary of the chapter
References
Drug research
Drug company strategies
Drug companies focusing on research to find new chemical substances intended for the international market
Drug companies concentrating on efficient drug chemical production (bulk production)
Companies concentrating on the marketing of non-patented ready-made drugs (generic production)
Drug companies concentrating on the marketing of drugs for self-medication
Drug companies concentrating on the sales of herbal medicines
Factors which determine the resources a drug company spends on R&D
The selection of research areas by a drug company
The research process
The project decision
The research administration after a project has been accepted
Research productivity
Ethical concerns in drug research
Summary of the chapter
References
Drug production.#60
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Pharmaceutical Systems : Global Perspectives

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Table of Contents

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